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Table 1 Manganese involvement in glutamine/glutamate-GABA cycle: disruption of glutamine and glutamate transporters

From: Role of astrocytes in manganese mediated neurotoxicity

Name of transporter

 

Changes down (down-regulation) mediated by manganese

Cellular localization

References

Glutamine transporter

System

   

SNAT3

System N

mRNA and protein expression; function(uptake and efflux)

astrocytes

[67], [81]

SNAT2

System A

mRNA and protein expression

astrocytes

[81]

ASCT2

System ASC

protein expression; function (uptake and efflux)

astrocytes

[81]

LAT2

System L

mRNA and protein expression; function (uptake)

astrocytes endothelial cells

[81]

Glutamine transporter

GLAST

 

protein expression; function (uptake)

astrocytes

[98], [103]

GLT-1

 

mRNA and protein expression; function (uptake)

astrocytes

[98], [103]