| Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)* | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | The Health Improvement Network | ||||
 | Overall | Prior OAD use | No Prior OAD use | Overall | Prior OAD use | No Prior OAD use |
 | (n = 21,446) | (n = 8,332) | (n = 890) | (n = 22,020) | (n = 8,621) | (n = 1,137) |
Hemoglobin A1c >8% | 1.26 (1.13-1.39) | 1.21 (1.08-1.35) | 1.66 (1.05-2.63) | 1.17 (1.06-1.30) | 1.12 (1.01-1.25) | 1.39 (0.95-2.03) |
Overweight vs. < 25Â kg/m2 | 0.91 (0.78-1.07) | 0.87 (0.73-1.03) | 1.32 (0.67-2.62) | 1.38 (1.15-1.67) | 1.44 (1.17-1.76) | 0.95 (0.48-1.87) |
Obese vs. < 25Â kg/m2 | 1.13 (0.99-1.29) | 1.12 (0.97-1.30) | 1.61 (0.88-2.94) | 1.74 (1.45-2.09) | 1.83 (1.50-2.22) | 0.86 (0.44-1.68) |
Smoking | 0.93 (0.81-1.06) | 0.94 (0.81-1.08) | 0.73 (0.43-1.26) | 1.03 (0.93-1.15) | 1.03 (0.92-1.16) | 0.86 (0.57-1.30) |
Severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Cardiovascular | 1.05 (0.90-1.23) | 1.03 (0.87-1.22) | 1.49 (0.74-3.00) | 0.97 (0.84-1.13) | 1.01 (0.86-1.18) | 0.74 (0.43-1.28) |
  Cerebrovascular | 0.79 (0.64-0.98) | 0.80 (0.64-1.01) | 0.52 (0.20-1.38) | 0.87 (0.72-1.05) | 0.89 (0.72-1.09) | 0.65 (0.31-1.40) |
  Nephropathy | 1.08 (0.78-1.50) | 1.05 (0.74-1.50) | 1.40 (0.41-4.80) | 1.75 (1.33-2.30) | 1.77 (1.32-2.39) | 1.79 (0.61-5.23) |
  Peripheral vascular disease | 0.88 (0.73-1.07) | 0.90 (0.74-1.10) | 0.54 (0.21-1.35) | 0.83 (0.69-1.00) | 0.83 (0.68-1.01) | 1.32 (0.65-2.68) |
  Retinopathy | 1.11 (0.98-1.25) | 1.06 (0.93-1.20) | 2.25 (1.27-3.99) | 1.20 (1.06-1.35) | 1.14 (1.00-1.29) | 2.63 (1.64-4.22) |
Diagnoses | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Allergic rhinitis/hay fever | 0.83 (0.69-1.00) | 0.88 (0.73-1.07) | 0.36 (0.13-0.97) | 0.92 (0.77-1.11) | 0.99 (0.82-1.21) | 0.52 (0.25-1.07) |
Asthma | 0.99 (0.83-1.17) | 0.96 (0.80-1.15) | 1.35 (0.63-2.86) | 0.99 (0.84-1.17) | 0.96 (0.80-1.15) | 1.44 (0.79-2.64) |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.23 (1.03-1.46) | 1.18 (0.98-1.42) | 2.64 (1.34-5.18) | 1.21 (1.03-1.43) | 1.21 (1.01-1.44) | 1.48 (0.79-2.77) |
Collagen vascular disease/autoimmune disorders | 0.96 (0.82-1.13) | 0.94 (0.79-1.11) | 1.40 (0.64-3.07) | 1.01 (0.86-1.17) | 1.03 (0.88-1.22) | 1.11 (0.59-2.12) |
Dermatologic disorders | 1.08 (0.96-1.22) | 1.12 (0.99-1.27) | 0.50 (0.28-0.89) | 1.10 (0.98-1.24) | 1.14 (1.00-1.29) | 0.97 (0.62-1.52) |
Hyperlipidemia | 1.19 (1.03-1.37) | 1.14 (0.98-1.33) | 2.08 (1.14-3.81) | 1.21 (1.05-1.39) | 1.18 (1.02-1.37) | 1.04 (0.59-1.83) |
Hypertension | 0.86 (0.75-0.98) | 0.83 (0.73-0.96) | 1.14 (0.67-1.93) | 0.88 (0.78-1.00) | 0.86 (0.75-0.99) | 1.39 (0.87-2.22) |
Infectious diseases | 1.16 (1.01-1.33) | 1.14 (0.99-1.32) | 1.63 (0.97-2.76) | 1.10 (0.96-1.25) | 1.08 (0.94-1.24) | 1.30 (0.79-2.13) |
Malignancy | 0.98 (0.87-1.11) | 0.95 (0.84-1.08) | 1.78 (1.08-2.95) | 0.95 (0.85-1.07) | 0.96 (0.84-1.09) | 0.83 (0.53-1.29) |
Obesity | 1.07 (0.93-1.23) | 0.99 (0.85-1.15) | 1.47 (0.83-2.60) | 1.00 (0.87-1.16) | 0.96 (0.83-1.13) | 1.76 (1.03-3.02) |
Other diseases | 1.08 (0.94-1.25) | 1.08 (0.93-1.26) | 0.77 (0.40-1.46) | 1.12 (0.97-1.28) | 1.06 (0.92-1.23) | 1.31 (0.78-2.19) |
Drugs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Acetaminophen/paracetamol | 0.95 (0.84-1.07) | 0.96 (0.84-1.09) | 0.80 (0.44-1.46) | 0.92 (0.82-1.03) | 0.88 (0.78-1.00) | 1.18 (0.74-1.87) |
Anti-asthmatic agents | 0.96 (0.81-1.13) | 1.03 (0.86-1.23) | 0.50 (0.23-1.07) | 0.92 (0.79-1.09) | 0.96 (0.81-1.14) | 0.78 (0.43-1.44) |
Antibacterial agents | 1.03 (0.92-1.16) | 1.00 (0.89-1.13) | 1.36 (0.82-2.26) | 0.99 (0.88-1.11) | 0.98 (0.87-1.10) | 1.08 (0.69-1.69) |
Anticonvulsants | 1.16 (0.96-1.40) | 1.19 (0.98-1.46) | 0.87 (0.32-2.37) | 1.07 (0.86-1.33) | 1.05 (0.83-1.33) | 0.95 (0.39-2.35) |
Antihistamines | 0.93 (0.76-1.14) | 0.91 (0.73-1.12) | 1.57 (0.61-4.04) | 1.01 (0.83-1.23) | 0.98 (0.79-1.22) | 1.35 (0.65-2.77) |
Antihyperlipidemic agents | 1.33 (1.16-1.52) | 1.21 (1.04-1.39) | 2.79 (1.60-4.85) | 1.32 (1.15-1.51) | 1.19 (1.03-1.38) | 2.41 (1.50-3.88) |
Antihypertensive agents | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 1.11 (0.98-1.26) | 1.12 (0.99-1.28) | 0.80 (0.44-1.47) | 1.00 (0.88-1.12) | 0.98 (0.86-1.11) | 0.88 (0.55-1.41) |
  Angiotensin receptor blockers | 1.35 (1.16-1.57) | 1.36 (1.16-1.60) | 1.34 (0.65-2.75) | 1.32 (1.14-1.52) | 1.29 (1.11-1.51) | 1.46 (0.83-2.58) |
  Beta blockers | 1.04 (0.90-1.19) | 1.03 (0.89-1.18) | 1.46 (0.78-2.72) | 1.09 (0.96-1.24) | 1.05 (0.92-1.21) | 1.49 (0.90-2.45) |
  Calcium channel blockers | 1.00 (0.88-1.13) | 1.04 (0.91-1.19) | 0.29 (0.15-0.58) | 0.94 (0.84-1.06) | 0.99 (0.88-1.13) | 0.51 (0.31-0.86) |
  Loop diuretics | 0.95 (0.80-1.12) | 0.91 (0.76-1.09) | 1.00 (0.46-2.19) | 1.40 (1.20-1.63) | 1.31 (1.11-1.55) | 1.94 (1.07-3.52) |
  Other antihypertensive agents | 1.12 (0.97-1.29) | 0.98 (0.81-1.19) | 2.03 (0.82-5.03) | 1.18 (1.02-1.36) | 0.91 (0.74-1.12) | 1.73 (0.76-3.95) |
  Thiazide diuretics | 1.01 (0.84-1.22) | 1.18 (1.02-1.37) | 0.39 (0.17-0.94) | 0.97 (0.80-1.18) | 1.27 (1.10-1.48) | 0.54 (0.28-1.02) |
Anti-infective agents | 0.97 (0.74-1.28) | 1.00 (0.75-1.34) | 0.59 (0.13-2.64) | 0.78 (0.60-1.02) | 0.72 (0.54-0.95) | 0.80 (0.29-2.26) |
Antiplatelet/anticoagulant agents | 0.91 (0.81-1.03) | 0.90 (0.79-1.02) | 1.16 (0.65-2.07) | 1.05 (0.93-1.18) | 1.01 (0.89-1.14) | 1.53 (0.94-2.50) |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents | 0.98 (0.84-1.14) | 0.90 (0.79-1.02) | 0.71 (0.30-1.69) | 0.98 (0.84-1.15) | 1.05 (0.89-1.24) | 0.48 (0.24-0.96) |
Other medications | 1.03 (0.89-1.19) | 1.03 (0.89-1.20) | 0.63 (0.31-1.29) | 1.09 (0.95-1.25) | 1.12 (0.97-1.30) | 0.79 (0.44-1.41) |
Psychotropic agents | 0.94 (0.83-1.07) | 0.99 (0.87-1.13) | 0.51 (0.25-1.05) | 0.95 (0.83-1.07) | 0.97 (0.85-1.11) | 0.58 (0.34-1.00) |