Table 4 Determinants of saxagliptin use among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients within United States data sources

Number of hemoglobin A1c measurements

  1 vs. 0 measured

2.10 (2.04-2.16)

2.09 (2.02-2.16)

2.02 (1.91-2.12)

1.67 (1.56-1.78)

1.40 (1.27-1.54)

1.96 (1.77-2.17)

  2+ vs. 0 measured

2.93 (2.85-3.01)

2.87 (2.77-2.97)

2.95 (2.78-3.12)

2.33 (2.16-2.51)

1.91 (1.72-2.12)

1.96 (1.77-2.17)

Severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus

  Cardiovascular

0.95 (0.93-0.97)

0.95 (0.93-0.98)

0.95 (0.90-1.00)

0.96 (0.88-1.05)

0.97 (0.86-1.10)

1.00 (0.76-1.32)

  Cerebrovascular

0.90 (0.88-0.93)

0.92 (0.88-0.95)

0.87 (0.82-0.94)

0.92 (0.78-1.09)

0.93 (0.74-1.17)

0.90 (0.77-1.06)

  Metabolic (ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar, coma)

0.95 (0.87-1.03)

0.91 (0.82-1.01)

1.06 (0.89-1.27)

-

-

-

  Nephropathy

1.12 (1.09-1.15)

1.08 (1.05-1.12)

1.25 (1.18-1.32)

1.04 (0.93-1.18)

0.87 (0.75-1.02)

1.40 (1.14-1.72)

  Neuropathy

1.11 (1.08-1.14)

1.08 (1.05-1.11)

1.22 (1.15-1.28)

1.01 (0.92-1.11)

1.05 (0.92-1.19)

1.03 (0.87-1.22)

  Peripheral vascular disease

0.97 (0.94-1.00)

0.97 (0.94-1.01)

0.96 (0.91-1.02)

1.06 (0.92-1.21)

0.92 (0.77-1.11)

1.30 (1.03-1.63)

  Retinopathy

1.03 (1.00-1.06)

1.01 (0.97-1.04)

1.09 (1.02-1.16)

1.02 (0.91-1.14)

0.95 (0.82-1.10)

1.11 (0.90-1.37)

  Unspecified additional diabetic complications^†

0.96 (0.92-0.99)

0.91 (0.82-1.01)

1.12 (1.04-1.22)

1.01 (0.89-1.14)

0.98 (0.83-1.16)

1.17 (0.93-1.47)

Diagnoses

Allergic rhinitis/hay fever

1.16 (1.12-1.21)

1.19 (1.13-1.25)

1.14 (1.05-1.23)

1.12 (1.00-1.26)

1.29 (1.09-1.52)

0.95 (0.78-1.15)

Asthma

0.91 (0.87-0.94)

0.89 (0.85-0.94)

0.94 (0.87-1.02)

0.83 (0.72-0.95)

0.92 (0.76-1.13)

0.80 (0.63-1.02)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

0.92 (0.89-0.95)

0.92 (0.88-0.95)

0.89 (0.83-0.95)

0.93 (0.79-1.08)

0.88 (0.70-1.09)

0.93 (0.72-1.21)

Collagen vascular disease/ autoimmune disorders

1.01 (0.95-1.08)

1.05 (0.97-1.14)

0.93 (0.82-1.06)

0.90 (0.79-1.03)

0.94 (0.79-1.12)

0.82 (0.66-1.03)

  Rheumatoid arthritis^‡

1.10 (1.03-1.16)

1.08 (1.00-1.17)

1.17 (1.04-1.32)

-

-

-

  Spondyloarthritis^‡

1.04 (1.00-1.09)

1.05 (1.00-1.10)

1.03 (0.95-1.12)

-

-

-

Dermatologic disorders

1.04 (0.99-1.10)

1.02 (0.96-1.09)

1.08 (0.98-1.20)

1.07 (0.93-1.23)

1.10 (0.90-1.34)

1.14 (0.90-1.44)

  Psoriasis^‡

0.97 (0.88-1.08)

0.99 (0.87-1.12)

0.86 (0.70-1.06)

-

-

-

Hyperlipidemia

1.11 (1.08-1.14)

1.11 (1.08-1.15)

1.11 (1.05-1.17)

1.17 (1.10-1.24)

1.17 (1.08-1.27)

1.11 (1.01-1.22)

Hypertension

1.00 (0.97-1.03)

1.01 (0.97-1.04)

0.99 (0.93-1.05)

1.13 (1.07-1.20)

1.17 (1.08-1.27)

1.18 (1.07-1.31)

Infectious diseases

0.86 (0.79-0.94)

0.88 (0.79-0.99)

0.85 (0.71-1.02)

0.89 (0.79-1.01)

1.17 (1.08-1.27)

0.95 (0.78-1.16)

  Cellulitis^‡

0.92 (0.88-0.95)

0.91 (0.87-0.95)

0.92 (0.85-1.00)

-

-

-

Malignancy

0.93 (0.90-0.97)

0.95 (0.91-0.99)

0.89 (0.83-0.96)

1.02 (0.90-1.17)

1.17 (1.08-1.27)

1.03 (0.83-1.27)

Obesity

0.94 (0.91-0.97)

0.96 (0.92-0.99)

0.90 (0.84-0.97)

0.88 (0.81-0.96)

0.95 (0.84-1.07)

0.76 (0.65-0.88)

Other diseases

-

-

-

0.92 (0.77-1.09)

0.94 (0.74-1.20)

0.93 (0.69-1.24)

  Alcohol diseases^‡

0.68 (0.61-0.76)

0.71 (0.62-0.81)

0.90 (0.84-0.97)

-

-

-

Gastrointestinal diseases^‡

1.01 (0.95-1.06)

0.98 (0.91-1.05)

1.07 (0.95-1.20)

-

-

-

Neurological diseases^‡

0.76 (0.63-0.93)

0.86 (0.68-1.08)

0.53 (0.35-0.82)

-

-

-

Drugs

Acetaminophen/paracetamol

0.97 (0.94-0.99)

0.97 (0.94-1.00)

0.96 (0.91-1.01)

0.97 (0.91-1.04)

1.02 (0.93-1.12)

0.87 (0.78-0.98)

Anti-asthmatic agents

1.08 (1.05-1.12)

1.09 (1.05-1.14)

1.08 (1.01-1.16)

1.02 (0.93-1.13)

1.02 (0.88-1.17)

1.06 (0.89-1.25)

Antibacterial agents

1.08 (1.06-1.10)

1.08 (1.05-1.11)

1.08 (1.03-1.13)

1.07 (1.01-1.13)

1.12 (1.04-1.21)

0.95 (0.87-1.04)

Anticonvulsants

0.89 (0.85-0.93)

0.91 (0.87-0.96)

0.81 (0.74-0.90)

0.96 (0.87-1.06)

1.01 (0.88-1.16)

0.89 (0.75-1.07)

Antihistamines

1.10 (1.07-1.14)

1.10 (1.06-1.15)

1.09 (1.01-1.17)

1.05 (0.94-1.16)

1.05 (0.91-1.22)

1.11 (0.93-1.32)

Antihyperlipidemic agents

1.22 (1.19-1.24)

1.15 (1.12-1.19)

1.35 (1.29-1.41)

1.13 (1.07-1.19)

1.11 (1.03-1.20)

1.16 (1.06-1.28)

Antihypertensive agents

  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

0.98 (0.96-1.01)

0.96 (0.94-0.99)

1.00 (0.96-1.05)

0.97 (0.91-1.02)

0.92 (0.85-1.00)

1.01 (0.90-1.12)

  Angiotensin receptor blockers

1.39 (1.36-1.43)

1.32 (1.28-1.36)

1.59 (1.51-1.68)

1.22 (1.13-1.31)

1.07 (0.97-1.19)

1.44 (1.26-1.65)

  Beta blockers

1.04 (1.02-1.06)

1.05 (1.02-1.08)

1.02 (0.98-1.07)

0.99 (0.93-1.06)

1.10 (1.00-1.20)

0.86 (0.76-0.97)

  Calcium channel blockers

1.02 (0.99-1.04)

1.01 (0.98-1.04)

1.02 (0.97-1.07)

0.97 (0.90-1.04)

1.04 (0.94-1.14)

0.86 (0.76-0.99)

  Loop diuretics

1.10 (1.07-1.13)

1.09 (1.05-1.12)

1.13 (1.07-1.20)

0.94 (0.83-1.06)

0.92 (0.79-1.08)

0.99 (0.80-1.22)

  Other antihypertensive agents

1.11 (1.07-1.14)

1.11 (1.07-1.15)

1.09 (1.02-1.17)

1.06 (0.94-1.20)

1.05 (0.96-1.16)

0.99 (0.79-1.24)

  Thiazidediuretics

1.14 (1.11-1.17)

1.14 (1.11-1.18)

1.14 (1.08-1.21)

0.99 (0.93-1.07)

1.05 (0.96-1.16)

0.83 (0.73-0.95)

Anti-infective agents

-

-

-

1.04 (0.95-1.14)

1.00 (0.88-1.14)

1.01 (0.86-1.18)

  Antifungals^‡

1.10 (1.06-1.14)

1.06 (1.02-1.10)

1.21 (1.13-1.30)

-

-

-

  Antivirals^‡

1.09 (1.02-1.16)

1.10 (1.02-1.19)

1.07 (0.93-1.23)

-

-

-

Antiplatelet/anticoagulant agents

0.94 (0.86-1.02)

0.97 (0.87-1.07)

0.91 (0.75-1.10)

0.98 (0.88-1.10)

0.98 (0.84-1.13)

1.07 (0.87-1.32)

  Clopidogrel^†

1.13 (1.10-1.17)

1.12 (1.08-1.16)

1.18 (1.11-1.26)

-

-

-

  Warfarin^†

0.96 (0.92-0.99)

0.99 (0.94-1.04)

0.85 (0.78-0.93)

-

-

-

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents

1.06 (1.03-1.09)

1.05 (1.02-1.09)

1.09 (1.03-1.15)

1.02 (0.95-1.10)

1.05 (0.94-1.16)

0.99 (0.87-1.12)

Other medications

1.06 (1.01-1.12)

1.08 (1.01-1.15)

1.08 (0.96-1.22)

0.88 (0.81-0.96)

0.83 (0.75-0.93)

0.99 (0.85-1.14)

  Allopurinol^‡

1.05 (1.01-1.10)

1.06 (1.00-1.11)

1.07 (0.97-1.18)

-

-

-

  Anti-arrhythmics^‡

0.99 (0.96-1.02)

0.99 (0.95-1.02)

1.00 (0.94-1.08)

-

-

-

Immune modulators/ suppressants^‡

1.05 (1.00-1.10)

1.01 (0.95-1.07)

1.16 (1.04-1.28)

-

-

-

  Nitroglycerin^‡

0.98 (0.94-1.03)

0.97 (0.92-1.03)

1.01 (0.92-1.13)

-

-

-

  Urinary anti-spasmodics^‡

1.03 (0.98-1.07)

1.03 (0.98-1.09)

1.05 (0.96-1.16)

-

-

-

Psychotropic agents

0.93 (0.91-0.95)

0.92 (0.89-0.94)

0.92 (0.87-0.96)

0.94 (0.88-1.00)

0.95 (0.87-1.04)

0.87 (0.77-0.97)