Table 3 Bivariate logistic regression analysis: prevalence and factors associated with analgesic use among the adult population in Germany. German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1) 2008–2011
From: Prevalence, trends, patterns and associations of analgesic use in Germany
|  | Study | Overall analgesic use n = 1490b | OTC analgesic use only n = 805 | Prescription analgesic use only n = 583 | OTC and prescription analgesic use n = 66 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Subjects | Prevalence | Unadjusted | Prevalence | Unadjusted | Prevalence | Unadjusted | Prevalence | Unadjusted |
n (%) | (95Â % CI) | OR (95Â % CI) | (95Â % CI) | OR (95Â % CI) | (95Â % CI) | OR (95Â % CI) | (95Â % CI) | OR (95Â % CI) | |
Total | 7091 (100) | 21.4 (20.1–22.6) | - | 12.2 (11.2–13.2) | - | 7.9 (7.1–8.7) | - | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | - |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Mena | 3399 (49.7) | 17.6 (16.0–19.3) | 1.00 | 9.4 (8.2–10.8) | 1.00 | 7.2 (6.1–8.4) | 1.00 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 1.00 |
 Women | 3692 (50.3) | 25.1 (23.4–27.0) | 1.58 (1.35–1.85) | 14.9 (13.5–16.5) | 1.68 (1.36–2.07) | 8.5 (7.5–9.7) | 1.21 (0.97–1.49) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 2.87 (1.39–5.94) |
Age groups, years | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 18–29a | 1065 (18.8) | 19.5 (16.8–22.5) | 1.00 | 14.8 (12.5–17.6) | 1.00 | 3.2 (2.2–4.7) | 1.00 | 0.7 (0.3–1.8) | 1.00 |
 30–44 | 1426 (25.1) | 23.8 (21.2–26.7) | 1.29 (1.01–1.66) | 16.4 (14.2–18.9) | 1.13 (0.85–1.49) | 6.8 (5.3–8.8) | 2.19 (1.33–3.61) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.49 (0.14–1.76) |
 45–64 | 2750 (36.5) | 21.6 (19.7–23.7) | 1.14 (0.93–1.39) | 12.0 (10.5–13.7) | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 8.3 (7.0–9.7) | 2.68 (1.74–4.13) | 0.8 (0.4–1.3) | 1.11 (0.38–3.31) |
 65+ | 1850 (19.6) | 19.5 (17.3–22.0) | 0.99 (0.79–1.26) | 4.5 (3.5–5.8) | 0.27 (0.19–0.37) | 12.8 (10.9–15.0) | 4.38 (2.78–6.89) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | 2.79 (0.92–8.52) |
Socio-economic status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Lowa | 1156 (19.7) | 24.2 (21.3–27.4) | 1.00 | 11.4 (9.3–13.9) | 1.00 | 10.8 (8.9–13.2) | 1.00 | 1.3 (0.7–2.6) | 1.00 |
 Medium | 4206 (60.1) | 20.9 (19.4–22.5) | 0.83 (0.67–1.02) | 12.0 (10.8–13.3) | 1.07 (0.81–1.40) | 7.6 (6.7–8.7) | 0.68 (0.52–0.89) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.58 (0.27–1.26) |
 High | 1685 (20.2) | 19.7 (17.3–22.4) | 0.77 (0.61–0.98) | 13.1 (11.1–15.4) | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 5.5 (4.2–7.1) | 0.48 (0.33–0.68) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) | 0.52 (0.21–1.32) |
Education status (ISCED) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Low | 1003 (21.1) | 20.3 (17.6–23.3) | 0.87 (0.71–1.05) | 10.6 (8.5–13.2) | 0.80 (0.61–1.05) | 8.2 (6.7–10.1) | 0.97 (0.74–1.28) | 1.2 (0.6–2.2) | 1.39 (0.63–3.04) |
 Mediuma | 3773 (55.1) | 22.8 (21.2–24.4) | 1.00 | 12.9 (11.6–14.3) | 1.00 | 8.4 (7.4–9.6) | 1.00 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 1.00 |
 High | 2271 (23.7) | 18.7 (16.6–20.9) | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) | 11.6 (9.8–13.8) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 6.0 (4.9–7.4) | 0.69 (0.54–0.91) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.69 (0.37–1.32) |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Underweight (<18.5) | 93 (1.5) | 26.5 (16.6–39.5) | 1.77 (0.79–2.64) | 22.1 (13.0–35.2) | 1.79 (0.93–3.44) | 4.4 (0.9–18.1) | 0.80 (0.16–3.95) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) |
 Normal (18.5–< 25)a | 2599 (38.4) | 20.0 (18.3–21.9) | 1.00 | 13.7 (12.3–15.3) | 1.00 | 5.4 (4.4–6.6) | 1.00 | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 1.00 |
 Overweight (25–< 30) | 2651 (36.4) | 20.5 (18.4–22.7) | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 11.2 (9.6–13.1) | 0.79 (0.64–0.99) | 8.2 (6.9–9.7) | 1.57 (1.17–2.09) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 2.57 (1.08–6.14) |
 Obese (≥30) | 1698 (23.6) | 24.7 (22.1–27.5) | 1.31 (1.09–1.57) | 10.7 (9.0–12.6) | 0.75 (0.61–0.93) | 11.6 (9.9–13.7) | 2.31 (1.75–3.06) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | 5.97 (2.52–14.2) |
Smoking status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Never-smokera | 3067 (42.0) | 19.1 (17.5–20.9) | 1.00 | 10.8 (9.4–12.3) | 1.00 | 7.0 (5.9–8.2) | 1.00 | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 1.00 |
 Ex-smoker | 2111 (28.1) | 20.2 (17.9–22.7) | 1.07 (0.88–1.29) | 10.1 (8.5–12.0) | 1.65 (1.32–2.07) | 8.3 (6.8–10.2) | 1.21 (0.89–1.63) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.67 (0.23–1.95) |
 Occasional-smoker | 415 (6.1) | 20.7 (16.4–25.8) | 1.10 (0.81–1.50) | 13.7 (10.1–18.3) | 1.31 (0.89–1.92) | 6.5 (4.0–10.5) | 0.93 (0.53–1.61) | 0.5 (0.2–1.6) | 0.59 (0.17–2.08) |
 Smoker | 1460 (23.7) | 26.6 (23.9–29.5) | 1.53 (1.28–1.83) | 16.6 (14.4–19.0) | 1.65 (1.32–2.07) | 9.0 (7.3–10.9) | 1.31 (0.99–1.72) | 0.6 (0.2–1.4) | 1.38 (0.64–2.96) |
Physical exercise hours/week (h/w) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 None | 2210 (33.1) | 22.5 (20.5–24.6) | 1.00 (0.85–1.18) | 12.1 (10.3–14.1) | 0.94 (0.74–1.19) | 9.0 (7.7–10.5) | 1.08 (0.86–1.37) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 1.06 (0.55–2.02) |
 Up to 2 h/wa | 2952 (41.4) | 22.5 (20.6–24.4) | 1.00 | 12.8 (11.2–14.5) | 1.00 | 8.4 (7.2–9.7) | 1.00 | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 1.00 |
 2–4 h/w | 1078 (15.2) | 19.0 (16.4–21.9) | 0.81 (0.65–1.00) | 13.3 (11.2–15.6) | 1.04 (0.82–1.34) | 4.7 (3.2–6.9) | 0.54 (0.36–0.83) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) | 0.35 (0.12–0.99) |
 More than 4 h/w | 657 (10.3) | 17.2 (13.9–21–2) | 0.72 (0.54–0.95) | 11.0 (8.3–14.5) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | 5.1 (3.5–7.5) | 0.59 (0.38–0.92) | 0.8 (0.2–2.8) | 0.85 (0.21–3.45) |
High risk alcohol drinking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 Noa | 4571 (66.6) | 21.3 (20.0–22.8) | 1.00 | 11.8 (10.7–13.0) | 1.00 | 8.3 (7.4–9.3) | 1.00 | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 1.00 |
 Yes | 2252 (33.4) | 21.7 (19.5–24.1) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 13.7 (11.9–15.8) | 1.19 (0.98–1.44) | 6.7 (5.4–8.3) | 0.79 (0.62–1.03) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) | 1.23 (0.63–2.42) |