Table 4 The initial multiple logistic regression models assessing independent predictors of vitamin B12 deficiency in metformin-treated T2DM participants

Metformin duration (years)

1.03 (0.96 to 1.10)

0.481

-

-

-

-

Cumulative metformin dose (g)

-

-

1.01 (0.98 to 1.04)

0.531

-

-

T2DM duration (years)

-

-

-

-

1.03 (0.97 to 1.10)

0.374

Total daily dose of metformin (g)

1.82 (0.87 to 3.80)

0.111

1.66 (0.71to 3.85)

0.239

1.82 (0.88 to 3.78)

0.107

Age (years)

1.03 (0.96 to 1.10)

0.416

1.03 (0.96 to 1.10)

0.423

1.03 (0.96 to 1.10)

0.429

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

0.98 (0.96 to 0.99)

0.034

0.97 (0.95 to 0.99)

0.036

0.98 (0.95 to 0.99)

0.034

Coffee Consumption (if yes)

1.82 (0.57 to 5.80)

0.310

1.81 (0.57 to 5.74)

0.315

1.86 (0.58 to 5.96)

0.294

Race (if black)

0.30 (0.10 to 0.88)

0.029

0.29 (0.10 to 0.87)

0.028

0.30 (0.10 to 0.89)

0.031

Acetylsalicylic acid use

2.64 (0.73 to 9.58)

0.140

2.63 (0.73 to 9.51)

0.141

2.61 (0.72 to 9.47)

0.144

Number of metformin daily doses

0.84 (0.33 to 2.11)

0.705

0.84 (0.33 to 2.12)

0.707

0.82 (0.32 to 2.06)

0.669

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

0.99 (0.98 to 1.01)

0.703

0.99 (0.98 to 1.01)

0.692

0.99 (0.98 to 1.01)

0.759