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Table 2 Drugs with side effect profiles similar to antidepressants

From: Side effect profile similarities shared between antidepressants and immune-modulators reveal potential novel targets for treating major depressive disorders

Drug

Drug type

Drug target

Indication

Neighboring antidepressant

Antidepressant’s mode of action

P-value*

Top shared rare side effects within cluster**

Glatiramer Acetate

Immune-modulator

HLA-DRB1

Multiple sclerosis

Fluoxetine

SSRI

0.001

Tenosynovitis (6); Skin hypertrophy (5); Tongue discolouration (5); Alcohol intolerance (4); Circumoral paresthesia (4); Dental caries (4); Depressive type psychosis (4); Rheumatoid arthritis (4); Salivary gland enlargement (4); Urethritis (4)

Paroxetine

SSRI

0.006

Fluvoxamine

SSRI

0.001

Selegiline

MAO-B inhibitor

<0.001

Mirtazapine

5HT & α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist

<0.001

Lenalidomide

Immune-modulator

TNF-α

Multiple myeloma; Myelodysplastic syndromes

Pramipexole

Non-ergoline dopamine agonist

0.019

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3); Diverticulitis (3); Ear infection (3) Prostate cancer (3)

Ustekinumab

Immune-modulator

Interleukin 12/23

Plaque psoriasis; Psoriatic arthritis

  

0.002

 

Pimecrolimus

Immune-modulator

Calcineurin

Atopic dermatitis

<0.001

Siltuximab

Immune-modulator

Interleukin 6

Castleman’s disease

<0.001

Rapamycin

Immune-modulator

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)

Rejection in organ transplant

Selegiline

MAO-B inhibitor

0.016

 

Montelukast

Immune-modulator

Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1)

Asthma; Seasonal allergies

Bupropion

Dopamine & norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

0.011

 

Naproxen

Anti-inflammatory; Analgesic

COX-1/2

Inflammations; Pain

Paroxetine

SSRI

0.006

Bleeding time prolonged (4); Retinal haemorrhage (4); Fever chills (4); Pyuria (4); Keratoconjunctivitis (3); WBC abnormal NOS (3); Tenosynovitis (3) ; Urethritis (3); Deficiency anaemia (3); Diarrhoea haemorrhagic (3); Electroencephalogram abnormal (3); Enteritis (3); Iron deficiency (3); Iron deficiency anaemia (3)

Ketoprofen

   

Fluoxetine

SSRI

0.003

 

Flurbiprofen

Paroxetine

SSRI

<0.001

    

Fluoxetine

SSRI

<0.001

 

Diclofenac

   

Nefazodone

5HT receptor antagonist

0.037

 

Rofecoxib

 

COX-2

 

Duloxetine

SNRI

0.029

 

Meloxicam

Clomipramine

Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor (TCA)

0.031

 

Valdecoxib

Sertraline

SSRI

0.015

 

Fludrocortisone

Anti-inflammatory

Mineralocorticoid receptor/Glucocorticoid receptor

Addison’s disease/salt-losing adrenogenital syndrome

Lithium

Other

0.004

Benign intracranial hypertension (4); Exophthalmos (4); Papilloedema (4); Pseudotumor (4)

Cortisone

Glucocorticoid receptor

Inflammations; Pain

0.005

Hydrocortisone

Glucocorticoid receptor

Severe allergic reactions; Inflammations

0.001

Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate

Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1)

Skin irritations

Venlafaxine

SNRI

0.017

Miliaria (5); Skin atrophy (5); Skin striae (5)

Clocortolone

0.012

Alclometasone

0.01

Halcinonide

NR3C1 and SMO

0.026

  1. *P-value determined by random shuffling the side effect labels 1000 times and then compares the randomly generated cosine correlation coefficient with the original one
  2. **The top shared rare side effects are the ones that are shared by more than half of the drugs sharing side effect similarity connections within the cluster. Numbers in the parentheses are the number of drugs within the cluster having that side effect. For clusters with a hub that has connections with all other drugs, the hub drug has all the top side effects listed
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BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology

ISSN: 2050-6511

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