Fig. 5

ALA/SFC induces glucose uptake in cells. Differentiated 3T3-L1 or L6 cells were incubated in KRPH buffer for 18 min at 37 °C and then further incubated with KRPH buffer containing 1 mM 2DG with or without insulin for 20 min. Results are shown as means ± SD relative to the 2DG uptake of controls (set to 1.0). a The effect of treatment of ALA (0.5 mM)/SFC (0.25 mM) on glucose uptake for the indicated times in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, vs. control (Dunnett’s test, n = 3). b The effect of only ALA (0.5 mM), SFC (0.25 mM), or ALA (0.5 mM)/SFC (0.25 mM) treatment for 6 h on glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control (Bonferroni’s test, n = 3). c The effect of treatment of ALA (0.5 mM)/SFC (0.25 mM) on glucose uptake for 6 h in L6 myotubes. Insulin (100 nM) was used as a positive control. ***p < 0.001 vs. control (Dunnett’s test, n = 3). d The effect of ALA (0.5 mM)/SFC (0.25 mM) treatment on insulin action to glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The concentration of insulin was 10 nM. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001 vs. control (Dunnett’s test, n = 4)