Fig. 3

Inhibitory effects of β-eudesmol in combination with 5-FU or DOX on CCA cells migration. Scratched wounds of monolayer KKU-100 cells were exposed to β-eudesmol (30 μM), 5-FU (30 μM), DOX (0.1 μM), and the combination of β-eudesmol (30 μM) with 5-FU (30 μM) or DOX (0.1 μM). Cell migration was monitored under phase-contrast microscopy (× 4 magnification). Representative images of wound healing were obtained at the time of the scratch and 48 h later (a). b The graph shows the level of cell migration into the wound scratch quantified as the percentage of wound closure at 48 h. Each bar represents mean ± SD of three independent experiments, triplicate each. * indicates statistically significant difference with each drug alone (paired t-test, p < 0.05). β-Eu = β-Eudesmol, 5-FU = 5-Fluorouracil, DOX = Doxorubicin