Table 1 Baseline clinical and biochemical parameters of the study groups

Age (years)

49.5 (41.5–55.5)

50.0 (45.0–54.0)

54.0 (48.5–59.5)

Sex (M:F)

5:5

7:2

5:2

Duration of diabetes (years)

2.5 (1.0–3.0)

2.5 (0.8 to 3.0)

2.0 (0.8–2.8)

Weight (Kg)

75.3 (69.2–85.3)

60.7 (55.4–71.5)

74.0 (58.7–84.4)

BMI (Kg/m²)

25.5 (23.6–31.1)

25.9 (23.8–26.6)

26.4 (23.8–30.5)

HbA1c (%)

6.8 (6.4–7.1)

7.0 (6.8–7.4)

7.0 (6.8–7.1)

Fasting Plasma Glucose (mmol/L)

6.5 (5.9–7.3)

6.9 (6.2–7.4)

6.2 (6.1–6.6)

AUC C-peptide (nmol/L)

473.3 (376.9–567.8)

421.2 (40.9.8–526.9)

595.6 (460.5–623.8)

M₀ × 10^− 8 (1/min)

−0.4(− 2.6–0.8)

− 0.5 (− 2.8–1.2)

−2.6(− 5.9–1.2)

M₁ ×10⁻⁸ (1/min)

6.4 (4.5–8.7)

5.7 (3.6–7.6)

7.7 (5.5–10.6)

Glucose disposal rate (mg/Kg min)

2.7 (2.0–5.5)

3.2 (2.6–3.5)

2.2 (1.8–3.0)

Insulin sensitivity (mg/(Kgmin)/μU/mL)

4.4 (2.5–8.0)

5.3 (3.6–6.7)

3.2 (2.3–5.1)

HOMA-IR

2.0 (1.9–2.3)

1.6 (1.3–2.0)

1.9 (1.6–2.1)

HOMA-β (%)

84.1 (75.1–95.9)

65.0 (52.2–85.7)

92.5 (82.6–102.1)