Table 5 Description of the top-20 and clinically important potential drug–drug interactions in patients with pneumonia
From: Potential drug-drug interactions among pneumonia patients: do these matter in clinical perspectives?
Interacting pairs | Frequency | Severity | Documentation | Potential adverse outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Aspirin – Furosemide | 40 | Major | Good | Reduced diuretic effectiveness and possible nephrotoxicity |
Furosemide – Hydrocortisone | 39 | Moderate | Fair | Hypokalemia |
Aspirin – Clopidogrel | 37 | Major | Fair | Increased risk of bleeding |
Aspirin – Insulin | 33 | Moderate | Fair | Hypoglycemia |
Isoniazid – Rifampin | 33 | Major | Good | Hepatotoxicity |
Calcium containing products – Ceftriaxone | 33 | Contraindicated | Good | Formation of ceftriaxone-calcium precipitates and is contraindicated in neonates |
Pyrazinamide – Rifampin | 32 | Major | Good | Hepatotoxicity |
Aspirin – Ramipril | 28 | Moderate | Fair | Decreased ramipril effectiveness |
Albuterol – Furosemide | 28 | Moderate | Fair | ECG changes or hypokalemia |
Aspirin – Bisoprolol | 23 | Moderate | Good | Increased blood pressure |
Furosemide – Ramipril | 23 | Moderate | Good | Postural hypotension (first dose) |
Clarithromycin – Dexamethasone | 23 | Major | Fair | Decrease clarithromycin exposure and increased dexamethasone exposure |
Aspirin – Dexamethasone | 21 | Moderate | Good | Increased risk of gastrointestinal ulceration and subtherapeutic aspirin serum concentrations |
Aspirin – Nitroglycerin | 20 | Moderate | Good | Increase in nitroglycerin concentrations and additive platelet function depression |
Clopidogrel – Esomeprazole | 17 | Major | Excellent | Reduced plasma concentrations of clopidogrel active metabolite and reduced antiplatelet activity |
Azithromycin – Moxifloxacin | 16 | Major | Fair | Increased risk of QT-interval prolongation |
Aspirin – Spironolactone | 16 | Major | Good | Reduced diuretic effectiveness, hyperkalemia, or possible nephrotoxicity |
Clopidogrel – Omeprazole | 13 | Major | Excellent | Reduced plasma concentrations of clopidogrel active metabolite and reduced antiplatelet activity |
Omeprazole – Rifampin | 13 | Moderate | Fair | Decreased omeprazole plasma concentrations |
Ramipril – Spironolactone | 13 | Major | Good | Hyperkalemia |