|
Groups Variable
|
Control
|
Tramadol
|
Tramadol + single Quercetin
|
Tramadol + chronic quercetin
|
Tramadol + single Quercetin + Naloxone
|
|---|
|
Liver
|
SOD (U/ml)
|
628.36 [604.3, 712.7]
|
673.3 [557.5, 686.7]
|
726.5[580.3, 898.5]
|
617.8 [594.6, 644.3]
|
759.4 [590.6, 855.48]
|
|
NOx (μmol/l)
|
15.2 ± 1.8
|
14.5 ± 2.1
|
11.7 ± 2.4
|
10.6 ± 0.5*
|
12.9 ± 2.5
|
|
MDA (μmol/l)
|
11.9 ± 3.9
|
8.7 ± 2.2
|
14.4 ± 2.1**,†,††
|
9.5 ± 1.5
|
8.9 ± 3.2
|
|
Kidney
|
SOD(U/ml)
|
832.2 ± 72.4
|
665.2 ± 78.7
|
758.7 ± 117.7
|
686.4 ± 83.7
|
741.9 ± 62.7
|
|
NOx (μmol/l)
|
16.1 ± 2.9
|
21.3 ± 8.3*
|
16.8 ± 2.2
|
12.44 ± 1.6**
|
16.34 ± 1.2
|
|
MDA (μmol/l)
|
20 ± 1.7
|
19 ± 2.6
|
21.5 ± 1.8
|
18.6 ± 2.1
|
20.7 ± 2.9
|
|
Heart
|
SOD(U/ml)
|
695.3 ± 183
|
792.3 ± 136.7
|
948 ± 95
|
725.3 ± 268
|
651 ± 120
|
|
NOx (μmol/l)
|
11.2 [10.6,12.25]
|
11.06 [9.3, 13.1]
|
12.6 [10.5,15.6] ††
|
11.9 [11.9, 14.1] ††
|
9.5 [7.08, 10.7]
|
|
MDA (μmol/l)
|
17.9 ± 4.2
|
10.2 ± 2.5*
|
9.4 ± 0.7*
|
8.6 ± 0.5*
|
8.9 ± 0.9*
|
|
Cerebellum
|
SOD(U/ml)
|
292.3 ± 21.26
|
319.8 ± 35.5
|
298.6 ± 19.7
|
278.9 ± 20.7
|
295.5 ± 27.06
|
|
NOx (μmol/l)
|
8.08 ± 1.3
|
7.5 ± 0.6
|
7.64 ± 1.2
|
8.49 ± 1.4
|
8.01 ± 1.5
|
|
MDA (μmol/l)
|
5.6 ± 1.3
|
4.5 ± 1.1
|
5.3 ± 0.4
|
5.8 ± 0.6
|
5.3 ± 1.5
|
|
Cortex
|
SOD(U/ml)
|
258.9 ± 15.32
|
275.7 ± 23.1
|
272.2 ± 17.5
|
260.1 ± 14.58
|
273.08 ± 10.11
|
|
NOx (μmol/l)
|
3.46 ± 0.8
|
4.1 ± 2.2
|
2.65 ± 1.04††
|
1.53 ± 0.7††
|
6 ± 1.68*
|
|
MDA (μmol/l)
|
4.86 [4.03, 5.6]
|
4.6 [4.2, 6.7]
|
4.9 [4.4, 6.1]
|
4.6 [4.2,6.1]
|
4.5 [4.4, 5.2]
|
|
Adrenal
|
SOD(U/ml)
|
577.3 ± 77.2
|
572 ± 50.5
|
576.6 ± 85.9
|
460.9 ± 48.4
|
584 ± 135
|
|
NOx (μmol/l)
|
17.6 ± 3.5
|
17.1 ± 3.1
|
15.7 ± 4.2
|
15.3 ± 1.4
|
14.5 ± 2.8
|
|
MDA (μmol/l)
|
4.5 [4.1, 4.8]
|
3.02 [2.6, 3.3]
|
2.4 [2.2,3.1] *
|
2.06 [1.9, 2.2] *,**
|
2.3 [2.1, 2.3] *
|
- * p < 0.05 significant as compared to the control group
- ** p < 0.05 significant as compared to tramadol group
- † p < 0.05 significant as compared to Tramadol + chronic Quercetin group
- †† p < 0.05 significant as compared to Tramadol + single Quercetin + Naloxone
- Statistical comparison between groups was made using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc or Kruskal Wallis test and Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc
- Values are mean ± SD or median [IQR]
