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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with PPI and H2RA in the primary analysis

From: Comparative risk of incidence and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 among proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist short-term users: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Characteristics, %

Before propensity score matching

After propensity score matching

PPI users (n = 26,166)

H2RA users (n = 62,629)

Absolute standardized difference

PPI users (n = 26,166)

H2RA users (n = 62,117)

Absolute standardized difference

Age group, %

 18–19

0.9

1.8

0.08

1.3

1.6

0.02

 20–24

4.7

8.3

0.15

6.5

7.4

0.03

 25–29

6.7

9.3

0.10

8.3

8.6

0.01

 30–34

6.3

8.0

0.07

7.7

7.4

0.01

 35–39

8.0

8.5

0.02

8.6

8.3

0.01

 40–44

7.9

6.7

0.05

7.3

7.0

0.01

 45–49

8.9

7.6

0.05

8.2

8.0

0.01

 50–54

8.8

7.2

0.06

7.9

7.6

0.01

 55–59

8.9

7.9

0.04

8.3

8.3

<  0.01

 60–64

8.3

7.1

0.04

7.5

7.5

<  0.01

 65–69

7.0

5.8

0.05

6.2

6.1

<  0.01

 70–74

6.5

5.4

0.05

5.7

5.7

<  0.01

 75–79

6.9

6.3

0.02

6.5

6.4

<  0.01

 80–84

5.8

5.7

<  0.01

5.6

5.7

<  0.01

 85–89

3.2

3.1

0.01

3.1

3.1

<  0.01

 Gender, female, %

49.6

53.8

0.08

52.0

52.7

0.02

Medical history: general, %

 Acute respiratory disease

49.2

56.9

0.16

49.5

56.7

0.15

 Chronic liver disease

5.6

3.9

0.08

5.0

4.0

0.05

 Chronic obstructive lung disease

4.6

3.7

0.05

4.1

3.9

0.01

 Depressive disorder

12.3

11.9

0.01

11.5

12.1

0.02

 Diabetes mellitus

17.4

14.6

0.08

15.8

15.1

0.02

 Gastrointestinal hemorrhage

3.5

1.9

0.10

3.3

1.9

0.09

 Hyperlipidemia

38.6

30.9

0.16

35.7

31.7

0.08

 Hypertensive disorder

35.4

29.7

0.12

35.7

31.7

0.08

 Lesion of liver

4.7

3.0

0.09

4.2

3.2

0.06

 Osteoarthritis

11.5

15.9

0.13

10.9

16.1

0.15

 Pneumonia

7.4

6.3

0.04

6.6

6.6

<  0.00

 Renal impairment

7.2

3.7

0.16

6.2

3.8

0.11

 Rheumatoid arthritis

2.2

2.2

0.00

2.0

2.2

0.02

 Ulcerative colitis

0.2

0.2

<  0.01

0.2

0.2

<  0.01

 Atrial fibrillation

2.6

1.5

0.07

2.3

1.6

0.05

 Cerebrovascular disease

5.2

4.8

0.02

4.7

4.9

0.01

 Heart disease

18.6

12.7

0.16

16.8

13.1

0.10

 Heart failure

7.9

4.8

0.12

7.0

5.1

0.08

 Ischemic heart disease

10.1

6.5

0.13

9.0

6.7

0.08

 Peripheral vascular disease

9.9

9.6

0.01

9.0

9.8

0.03

 Malignant neoplastic disease

9.0

7.6

0.05

8.1

8.0

<  0.01

Medication use, %

 Antibacterials for systemic use

58.2

69.5

0.24

57.4

69.4

0.25

 Antidepressants

12.9

12.5

0.01

12.0

12.8

0.02

 Antiepileptics

11.1

12.2

0.04

9.9

12.6

0.09

 Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products

49.2

68.4

0.40

49.2

68.2

0.39

 Antineoplastic agents

3.2

2.6

0.40

2.8

2.8

<  0.00

 Antithrombotic agents

38.4

46.1

0.16

36.9

46.3

0.19

 Diuretics

16.0

13.0

0.08

14.4

13.5

0.03

 Drugs for obstructive airway disease

17.8

21.1

0.08

17.2

21.4

0.11

 Drugs used in diabetes

16.2

12.9

0.09

14.6

13.4

0.03

 Immunosuppressants

3.5

2.6

0.05

3.1

2.6

0.03

 Lipid modifying agents

27.9

21.3

0.16

25.3

22.0

0.08

 Opioids

50.4

61.3

0.22

29.2

61.6

0.25

 Charlson comorbidity index

2.79

2.79

0.17

2.32

2.61

0.06

  1. Values are presented as proportion of the patients (%)
  2. Abbreviation: PPI proton pump inhibitor, H2RA histamione-2 receptor antagonist