Comparative risk of incidence and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 among proton pump inhibitor and histamine-2 receptor antagonist short-term users: a nationwide retrospective cohort study

Table 4 The associations of the clinical outcomes between PPI and H₂RA users among COVID-19 diagnosed patients

Outcome	Analysis settings	No. of subjects		No. of outcome occurrence		calibrated HR [95% CI]
Outcome	Analysis settings	PPI users	H₂RA users	PPI users	H₂RA users	calibrated HR [95% CI]
All-cause mortality	Unadjusted	420	840	21	40	0.82 (0.47–1.41)
	Stratification	420	840	21	40	0.63 (0.37–1.07)
	1:4 matching	410	804	19	40	0.54 (0.31–0.95)
Outcome	Analysis settings	No. of subjects		No. of outcome occurrence		calibrated HR [95% CI]
Outcome	Analysis settings	PPI users	H₂RA users	PPI users	H₂RA users	calibrated HR [95% CI]
Hospitalization with pneumonia, ARDS, sepsis, and AKI	Unadjusted	393	789	164	262	1.12 (0.87–1.43)
	Stratification	393	789	164	262	0.96 (0.79–1.17)
	1:4 matching	382	754	160	259	0.88 (0.72–1.08)
Outcome	Analysis settings	No. of subjects		No. of outcome occurrence		calibrated HR [95% CI]
Outcome	Analysis settings	PPI users	H₂RA users	PPI users	H₂RA users	calibrated HR [95% CI]
Occurrence of a composite intensive respiratory intervention	Unadjusted	411	831	16	20	1.28 (0.65–2.50)
	Stratification	411	831	16	20	1.01 (0.52–1.97)
	1:4 matching	402	795	15	20	0.92 (0.46–1.82)

Abbreviation: COVID-19 SARS-Cov-2, PPI proton pump inhibitor, H₂RA histamione-2 receptor antagonist, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, AKI acute kidney injury

ISSN: 2050-6511