Fig. 5

Effects of lupeol on the histological alterations in AD-induced mice. (A) Representative photomicrographs of H&E-stained ear tissues at ×200 magnification (1st panel, scale bar: 100 μm). Representative photomicrographs of ear tissues stained with H&E (2nd panel), toluidine blue (3rd panel), and CD4 antibody (4th panel) at ×400 magnification (scale bar: 50 μm). Each immune cell is indicated by an arrow. (B) Epidermal and dermal thickness was determined in the H&E-stained tissue slides using a micrometer. (C) The number of eosinophils, mast cells, and CD4⁺ immune cells infiltrated into the dermal layer was counted in H&E-, toluidine blue-, and CD4 antibody-stained slides respectively. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 5). ^###p < 0.001 versus CON group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 versus AD-induced group. CON, control