Characteristic, n (%) | Benzodiazepine Use | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Incident | Continuing | |||
< 65 N = 105,737a | 65 + N = 385,951b | < 65 N = 240,358c | 65 + N = 508,230d | |
Sociodemographics | ||||
Sex | ||||
Male | 42,092 (39.8) | 119,263 (30.9) | 93,756 (39.0) | 147,147 (29.0) |
Female | 63,645 (60.2) | 266,688 (69.1) | 146,602 (61.0) | 361,083 (71.0) |
Age | ||||
< 45 | 27,107 (25.6) | - | 56,205 (23.4) | - |
45–64 | 78,630 (74.4) | - | 184,153 (76.6) | - |
65–74 | - | 202,492 (52.5) | - | 274,193 (54.0) |
75–84 | - | 122,367 (31.7) | - | 156,586 (30.8) |
85 + | - | 61,092 (15.8) | - | 77,451 (15.2) |
Racee | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 75,898 (71.8) | 336,567 (87.2) | 188,167 (78.3) | 446,672 (87.9) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 17,067 (16.1) | 18,941 (4.9) | 28,135 (11.7) | 23,455 (4.6) |
Hispanic | 9,754 (9.2) | 19,638 (5.1) | 18,517 (7.7) | 26,839 (5.3) |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 1,270 (1.2) | 7,496 (1.9) | 2,195 (0.9) | 7,282 (1.4) |
Other | 1,748 (1.7) | 3,309 (0.9) | 3,344 (1.4) | 3,982 (0.8) |
Low-income subsidyf | ||||
No | 18,372 (17.4) | 299,003 (77.5) | 41,594 (17.3) | 362,658 (71.4) |
Yes | 87,365 (82.6) | 86,948 (22.5) | 198,764 (82.7) | 145,572 (28.6) |
Ruralityg | ||||
Urban | 90,107 (85.2) | 336,949 (87.3) | 202,623 (84.3) | 436,403 (85.9) |
Rural | 15,630 (14.8) | 49,002 (12.7) | 37,735 (15.7) | 71,827 (14.1) |
Clinical Characteristics | ||||
Frailty | ||||
Not frail | - | 249,972 (64.8) | - | 318,165 (62.6) |
Frail | - | 135,979 (35.2) | - | 190,065 (37.4) |
Elixhauser | ||||
0–1 | 37,181 (35.2) | 105,604 (27.4) | 85,786 (35.7) | 130,382 (25.7) |
2 | 18,076 (17.1) | 67,376 (17.5) | 44,260 (18.4) | 93,588 (18.4) |
3 | 14,621 (13.8) | 58,547 (15.2) | 34,635 (14.4) | 81,700 (16.1) |
4 | 10,732 (10.1) | 45,316 (11.7) | 25,061 (10.4) | 62,874 (12.4) |
5 | 7,670 (7.3) | 33,589 (8.7) | 17,355 (7.2) | 45,717 (9.0) |
6 | 5,391 (5.1) | 23,783 (6.2) | 11,637 (4.8) | 31,835 (6.3) |
7 | 3,861 (3.7) | 16,765 (4.3) | 7,639 (3.2) | 21,643 (4.3) |
8 | 2,677 (2.5) | 11,934 (3.1) | 5,036 (2.1) | 14,684 (2.9) |
9 + | 5,528 (5.2) | 23,037 (6.0) | 8,949 (3.7) | 25,807 (5.1) |
Substance Use Disorder | 31,593 (29.9) | 28,509 (7.4) | 73,948 (30.8) | 47,401 (9.3) |
Personality Disorder | 2,851 (2.7) | 1,091 (0.3) | 7,424 (3.1) | 2,415 (0.5) |
Bipolar Disorder | 15,034 (14.2) | 6,826 (1.8) | 43,626 (18.2) | 16,190 (3.2) |
Lithium use | 2,690 (2.5) | 941 (0.2) | 7,728 (3.2) | 2,080 (0.4) |
BZD Characteristics | ||||
Medication possession ratio | ||||
< 0.5 | - | - | 105,109 (43.7) | 322,688 (63.5) |
0.5–1 | - | - | 118,136 (49.2) | 169,230 (33.3) |
> 1 | - | - | 17,113 (7.1) | 16,312 (3.2) |
Index average daily dose, mg | ||||
< 1 | 20,328 (19.2) | 113,194 (29.3) | 23,421 (9.7) | 110,961 (21.8) |
1–1.99 | 40,980 (38.8) | 167,657 (43.4) | 60,222 (25.1) | 197,115 (38.8) |
2 + | 44,429 (42.0) | 105,100 (27.2) | 156,715 (65.2) | 200,154 (39.4) |
Index supply, days | ||||
< 14 | 44,866 (42.4) | 147,779 (38.3) | 24,135 (10.0) | 60,447 (11.9) |
14–30 | 56,981 (53.9) | 204,690 (53.0) | 198,259 (82.5) | 369,013 (72.6) |
31 + | 3,890 (3.7) | 33,482 (8.7) | 17,964 (7.5) | 78,770 (15.5) |
Other Medication Use | ||||
Antidepressant | ||||
Never | 45,680 (43.2) | 226,769 (58.8) | 79,125 (32.9) | 241,650 (47.5) |
Former | 10,550 (10.0) | 26,533 (6.9) | 25,973 (10.8) | 42,380 (8.3) |
Current | 49,507 (46.8) | 132,649 (34.4) | 135,260 (56.3) | 224,200 (44.1) |
Antiepileptics | ||||
Never | 57,040 (53.9) | 307,492 (79.7) | 119,834 (49.9) | 385,166 (75.8) |
Former | 9,861 (9.3) | 20,935 (5.4) | 23,527 (9.8) | 30,577 (6.0) |
Current | 38,836 (36.7) | 57,524 (14.9) | 96,997 (40.4) | 92,487 (18.2) |
Antipsychotics | ||||
Never | 78,103 (73.9) | 353,526 (91.6) | 158,759 (66.1) | 448,824 (88.3) |
Former | 5,110 (4.8) | 8,738 (2.3) | 15,097 (6.3) | 15,689 (3.1) |
Current | 22,524 (21.3) | 23,687 (6.1) | 66,502 (27.7) | 43,717 (8.6) |
Opioids | ||||
Never | 49,397 (46.7) | 240,380 (62.3) | 93,089 (38.7) | 286,793 (56.4) |
Former | 19,544 (18.5) | 68,000 (17.6) | 45,933 (19.1) | 107,692 (21.2) |
Current | 36,796 (34.8) | 77,571 (20.1) | 101,336 (42.2) | 113,745 (22.4) |
Z-drugs | ||||
Never | 95,512 (90.3) | 358,797 (93.0) | 208,111 (86.6) | 463,760 (91.3) |
Former | 3,146 (3.0) | 11,041 (2.9) | 9,254 (3.9) | 19,174 (3.8) |
Current | 7,079 (6.7) | 16,113 (4.2) | 22,993 (9.6) | 25,296 (5.0) |