Unmatched | Matched | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Higher dosea(n = 73,383) | Lower doseb(n = 3,998) | Standardized differencec | Higher dosea(n = 23,256) | Lower doseb(n = 3,876) | Standardized differencec | |
Demographics | ||||||
Age, years | 75.9 [6.8] | 77.0 [7.3] | 0.15 | 76.7 [7.1] | 76.7 [7.1] | 0 |
Women | 45,613 (62.2) | 2,541 (63.6) | 0.03 | 14,682 (63.1) | 2,447 (63.1) | 0 |
Year of cohort entry | ||||||
2002 - 2003 | 11,318 (15.4) | 514 (12.9) | 0.07 | 3,083 (13.3) | 505 (13.0) | 0.01 |
2004 - 2005 | 14,016 (19.1) | 595 (14.9) | 0.11 | 4,096 (17.6) | 572 (14.8) | 0.08 |
2006 - 2007 | 14,930 (20.3) | 807 (20.2) | 0 | 4,641 (20.0) | 779 (20.1) | 0 |
2008 - 2009 | 15,783 (21.5) | 993 (24.8) | 0.08 | 5,320 (22.9) | 964 (24.9) | 0.05 |
2010 - 2011 | 17,336 (23.6) | 1,089 (27.2) | 0.08 | 6,116 (26.3) | 1,056 (27.2) | 0.02 |
Income quintiled | ||||||
First (lowest) | 13,937 (19.0) | 831 (20.8) | 0.04 | 4,404 (18.9) | 804 (20.7) | 0.05 |
Second | 15,526 (21.2) | 802 (20.1) | 0.03 | 4,886 (21.0) | 777 (20.1) | 0.02 |
Third (middle) | 14,231 (19.4) | 842 (21.1) | 0.04 | 4,469 (19.2) | 818 (21.1) | 0.05 |
Fourth | 14,521 (19.8) | 751 (18.8) | 0.03 | 4,620 (19.9) | 730 (18.8) | 0.03 |
Fifth (highest) | 14,976 (20.4) | 755 (18.9) | 0.04 | 4,808 (20.7) | 731 (18.9) | 0.05 |
Missing | 192 (0.26) | 17 (0.43) | 0.03 | 69 (0.3) | 16 (0.4) | 0.02 |
Rural locatione | 10,864 (14.8) | 505 (12.6) | 0.06 | 3,027 (13.0) | 491 (12.7) | 0.01 |
Modified Charlson scoref | ||||||
0 | 53,431 (72.8) | 2,731 (68.3) | 0.10 | 16,623 (71.5) | 2,684 (69.3) | 0.05 |
1 | 8,024 (10.9) | 445 (11.1) | 0.01 | 2,560 (11.0) | 428 (11.0) | 0 |
2 | 6,350 (8.7) | 400 (10.0) | 0.05 | 2,086 (9.0) | 383 (9.9) | 0.03 |
≥3 | 5,578 (7.6) | 422 (10.6) | 0.10 | 1,987 (8.5) | 381 (9.8) | 0.04 |
Co-morbiditiesg | ||||||
CKDh | 3,799 (5.2) | 425 (10.6) | 0.20 | 1,896 (8.2) | 316 (8.2) | 0 |
Chronic liver disease | 2,420 (3.3) | 138 (3.5) | 0.01 | 735 (3.2) | 135 (3.5) | 0.02 |
COPD | 2,994 (4.1) | 212 (5.3) | 0.06 | 1,010 (4.3) | 198 (5.1) | 0.04 |
CADi | 25,840 (35.2) | 1,548 (38.7) | 0.07 | 8,427 (36.2) | 1,478 (38.1) | 0.04 |
Diabetes mellitusj | 11,016 (15.0) | 699 (17.5) | 0.07 | 3,636 (15.6) | 671 (17.3) | 0.05 |
Heart failure | 8,469 (11.5) | 611 (15.3) | 0.11 | 2,985 (12.8) | 571 (14.7) | 0.06 |
Stroke/TIA | 1,556 (2.1) | 109 (2.7) | 0.04 | 513 (2.2) | 99 (2.6) | 0.02 |
Herpes zoster (eye) | 89 (0.12) | 8 (0.20) | 0.02 | 30 (0.13) | 8 (0.21) | 0.02 |
Antiviral type | ||||||
Acyclovir | 4,095 (5.6) | 297 (7.4) | 0.08 | 1,692 (7.3) | 282 (7.3) | 0 |
Valacyclovir | 29,482 (40.2) | 2,694 (67.4) | 0.57 | 15,528 (66.8) | 2,588 (66.8) | 0 |
Famciclovir | 39,806 (54.2) | 1,007 (25.2) | 0.62 | 6,036 (26.0) | 1,006 (26.0) | 0 |
Medicationsk | ||||||
Anticonvulsants | 3,079 (4.2) | 178 (4.5) | 0.01 | 988 (4.3) | 167 (4.3) | 0 |
Gabapentin | 420 (0.57) | 24 (0.60) | 0 | 137 (0.59) | 22 (0.57) | 0 |
Antidepressants | 11,201 (15.3) | 663 (16.6) | 0.04 | 3,756 (16.2) | 636 (16.4) | 0.01 |
Antipsychotics | 1,431 (2.0) | 88 (2.2) | 0.02 | 503 (2.2) | 86 (2.2) | 0 |
Barbituates | 115 (0.16) | 7 (0.18) | 0 | 45 (0.19) | 7 (0.18) | 0 |
Benzodiazepines | 13,794 (18.8) | 809 (20.2) | 0.04 | 4,446 (19.1) | 774 (20.0) | 0.02 |
Histamine2-receptor antagonists | 6,191 (8.4) | 337 (8.4) | 0 | 1,911 (8.2) | 325 (8.4) | 0.01 |
Dopamine agonists | 326 (0.44) | 22 (0.55) | 0.02 | 124 (0.53) | 22 (0.57) | 0 |
Muscle relaxants | 399 (0.54) | 25 (0.63) | 0.01 | 132 (0.57) | 25 (0.64) | 0.01 |
Opioids | 15,738 (21.5) | 957 (23.9) | 0.06 | 5,076 (21.8) | 923 (23.8) | 0.05 |
Overactive bladder medications | 2,169 (3.0) | 149 (3.7) | 0.04 | 704 (3.0) | 142 (3.7) | 0.04 |
Prescribing physician | ||||||
General practitioner | 55,723 (75.9) | 3,015 (75.4) | 0.01 | 17,671 (76.0) | 2,925 (75.5) | 0.01 |
Ophthalmologist | 272 (0.37) | 28 (0.70) | 0.05 | 90 (0.39) | 27 (0.70) | 0.04 |
Neurologistl | 41 (0.06) | ≤5 ( − ) | ( − ) | 12 (0.05) | ≤5 ( − ) | ( − ) |
Other | 7,538 (10.3) | 372 (9.3) | 0.03 | 2,350 (10.1) | 360 (9.3) | 0.03 |
Missing | 9,809 (13.4) | 581 (14.5) | 0.03 | 3,133 (13.5) | 562 (14.5) | 0.03 |