Table 1 Demographic characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients within United Kingdom data sources

Mean (SD) age, years ^†

52.7 (10.6)

52.2 (10.6)

0.01

64.7 (12.9)

64.6 (12.9)

0.01

Male sex ^†

58.2%

58.2%

<0.01

57.7%

57.0%

0.01

UK country ^†

England

60.4%

60.6%

<0.01

63.1%

65.7%

0.05

Northern Ireland

7.1%

7.0%

<0.01

5.3%

5.0%

0.01

Scotland

11.4%

11.5%

<0.01

12.3%

12.8%

0.01

Wales

21.0%

20.9%

<0.01

19.2%

16.5%

0.07

Other OAD initiated at index date

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: Acarbose

0%

0.2%

-

0%

0.2%

-

Biguanide: Metformin

0%

63.1%

-

0%

62.1%

-

Meglitinides

0%

0.4%

-

0%

0.4%

-

  Nateglinide

0%

0.1%

-

0%

0.0%

-

  Repaglinide

0%

0.3%

-

0%

0.3%

-

Sulfonylureas

0%

27.9%

-

0%

29.1%

-

  Glibenclamide (Glyburide in US data sources)

0%

0.2%

-

0%

0.2%

-

  Gliclazide

0%

24.9%

-

0%

26.1%

-

  Glimepiride

0%

2.1%

-

0%

1.9%

-

  Glipizide

0%

0.6%

-

0%

0.7%

-

  Tolbutamide

0%

0.1%

-

0%

0.2%

-

Thiazolidinediones

0%

8.3%

-

0%

8.2%

-

  Pioglitazone

0%

8.1%

-

0%

8.0%

-

  Rosiglitazone

0%

0.2%

-

0%

0.2%

-

On glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist

3.1%

1.9%

0.08

2.4%

1.9%

0.03

On insulin

5.4%

7.3%

0.08

7.7%

7.2%

0.02

Hemoglobin A1c measurements

Mean (SD)

8.7 (1.6)

8.6 (1.8)

0.06

8.8 (1.6)

8.6 (1.8)

0.08

Hemoglobin A1c >8%

57.6%

39.8%

0.36

56.2%

40.8%

0.31

Mean body mass index (SD)

32.4 (6.5)

31.5 (6.7)

0.14

-

-

-

Missing values

42.9%

41.4%

0.03

0.7%

2.0%

0.11

Underweight (15–18.5 kg/m²)

0.2%

0.4%

0.03

0.0%

0.4%

0.08

Normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m²)

4.4%

6.7%

0.10

7.9%

11.4%

0.12

Overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m²)

15.9%

17.8%

0.05

29.0%

31.5%

0.05

Obese (30–60 kg/m²)

36.7%

33.9%

0.06

62.3%

54.7%

0.15

Smoking

36.5%

36.5%

<0.01

63.5%

61.0%

0.05

Severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (prior 180 d)

Cerebrovascular disease

0.5%

0.7%

0.02

0.9%

0.7%

0.02

Coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation

1.3%

1.5%

0.01

1.9%

1.5%

0.03

Diabetic coma

0%

0.1%

-

0%

0.1%

-

Nephropathy

0.3%

0.2%

0.02

0.6%

0.2%

0.06

Neuropathy

0.8%

0.6%

0.02

0.9%

0.6%

0.03

Peripheral vascular disease

1.1%

0.9%

0.02

1.2%

0.9%

0.03

Retinopathy

5.7%

3.7%

0.09

5.5%

3.5%

0.10

Unspecified additional diabetic complications

0%

0.0%

-

0%

0.0%

-

Medical comorbidities

Allergic rhinitis/hay fever

8.8%

10.0%

0.04

9.1%

9.4%

0.01

Asthma

16.0%

15.8%

<0.01

16.4%

15.9%

0.01

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/bronchitis

12.1%

10.0%

0.07

13.1%

10.7%

0.07

Dermatologic disorder

  Eczema

17.0%

15.2%

0.05

16.9%

14.2%

0.08

  Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis

6.4%

5.1%

0.06

5.8%

5.3%

0.02

Gastrointestinal disease

  Cirrhosis

0.3%

0.4%

0.01

0.2%

0.4%

0.03

  Gallbladder disease

6.2%

5.6%

0.02

6.3%

5.9%

0.02

  Hemochromatosis

0.1%

0.1%

0.02

0%

0.2%

0.04

Hyperlipidemia

16.0%

12.0%

0.12

15.9%

12.2%

0.11

Hypertension

56.7%

50.9%

0.12

61.0%

56.1%

0.10

Infectious disease

  Hepatitis B virus infection

0.3%

0.2%

0.02

0.2%

0.2%

0.01

  Hepatitis C virus infection

0%

0.1%

-

0%

0.1%

-

Malignancy

  Hematologic

0.8%

1.0%

0.03

0.9%

1.0%

<0.01

  Solid organ

23.5%

22.9%

0.02

22.9%

23.9%

0.02

Obesity

17.8%

14.6%

0.09

17.0%

13.4%

0.10

Rheumatoid arthritis

2.7%

2.4%

0.02

1.3%

1.7%

0.03

Medications

Acetaminophen/paracetamol

31.7%

28.7%

0.06

32.0%

30.1%

0.04

Anti-asthmatic agents

18.6%

17.7%

0.02

18.8%

18.1%

0.02

Antibacterials

35.5%

33.9%

0.03

32.1%

30.7%

0.03

Anticonvulsants

8.8%

7.8%

0.04

6.2%

5.1%

0.05

Antifungals

3.0%

2.6%

0.02

2.9%

3.4%

0.03

Antihistamines

7.2%

7.1%

<0.01

7.5%

6.9%

0.02

Anti-hyperlipidemic agents

80.6%

58.5%

0.49

81.1%

61.9%

0.43

Antihypertensive agents

  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

46.5%

36.1%

0.21

46.1%

38.4%

0.16

  Angiotensin receptor blockers

19.2%

13.2%

0.16

22.5%

15.0%

0.19

  Beta blockers

24.7%

20.7%

0.09

28.0%

23.2%

0.11

  Calcium channel blockers

28.2%

23.8%

0.10

29.9%

26.9%

0.07

  Loop diuretics

12.4%

11.0%

0.04

17.3%

11.4%

0.17

  Other antihypertensive agents

9.2%

6.8%

0.09

10.0%

6.8%

0.11

  Thiazide diuretics

19.9%

16.1%

0.10

25.1%

20.8%

0.10

Antivirals

0.7%

0.8%

0.02

0.8%

0.9%

0.02

Non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory

13.4%

13.0%

0.01

12.5%

13.0%

0.02

Other antiplatelet/anticoagulant agents

  Aspirin

38.3%

29.7%

0.18

42.1%

32.2%

0.21

  Clopidogrel

4.9%

3.7%

0.06

5.0%

3.7%

0.06

  Low-molecular-weight heparin

0.2%

0.3%

0.03

0.5%

0.3%

0.02

  Warfarin

5.4%

4.9%

0.02

6.9%

5.6%

0.05

Other medications

  Allopurinol

3.2%

3.5%

0.02

5.1%

3.7%

0.07

  Anti-arrhythmics

3.4%

2.6%

0.05

3.1%

3.0%

<0.01

  Immune modulators/immunosuppressants

1.2%

1.2%

<0.01

1.2%

1.2%

0.01

  Nitroglycerin

5.6%

5.1%

0.02

6.3%

4.9%

0.06

  Urinary anti-spasmodics

4.3%

3.3%

0.05

4.7%

3.6%

0.06

Psychotropic agents

  Antidepressants

22.1%

19.6%

0.06

20.6%

19.6%

0.03

  Antipsychotics

4.3%

4.4%

0.01

4.9%

4.8%

0.01

Prior OAD Therapy ^‡

93.7%

35.8%

1.53

92.1%

36.8%

1.41

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: Acarbose

0.3%

0.1%

0.03

0.2%

0.1%

0.03

Biguanide: Metformin

83.4%

73.7%

0.24

77.7%

73.1%

0.11

Meglitinides

1.1%

0.4%

0.09

1.2%

0.3%

0.10

  Nateglinide

0.2%

0.0%

0.04

0.2%

0.1%

0.04

  Repaglinide

0.9%

0.3%

0.08

1.0%

0.2%

0.10

Sulfonylureas

47.9%

12.2%

0.84

46.4%

12.8%

0.79

  Glibenclamide

0.4%

0.5%

0.01

0.5%

0.6%

0.01

  Gliclazide

41.4%

12.6%

0.69

39.3%

13.4%

0.61

  Glimepiride

4.5%

1.5%

0.18

4.1%

1.4%

0.17

  Glipizide

1.1%

0.7%

0.04

1.7%

0.8%

0.09

  Tolbutamide

0.7%

0.1%

0.09

1.1%

0.2%

0.11

Thiazolidinediones

16.6%

5.3%

0.37

17.7%

5.1%

0.40

  Pioglitazone

14.1%

3.5%

0.38

15.4%

3.4%

0.42

  Rosiglitazone

2.7%

2.1%

0.03

2.5%

2.0%

0.03