Table 2 Demographic characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients within United States data sources
| Â | US Medicare | HealthCore Integrated Reseach DatabaseSM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic* | Saxagliptin | Other OAD | Standardized difference | Saxagliptin | Other OAD | Standardized difference |
|  | (n = 51,976) | (n = 493,432) |  | (n =8,057) | (n =77,808) |  |
Mean (SD) age, years †| 70.4 (11.1) | 69.9 (11.0) | 0.04 | 52.9 (8.4) | 52.9 (8.4) | 0.01 |
Male sex †| 42.1% | 42.8% | 0.01 | 60.0% | 59.5% | 0.01 |
US census region †|  |  |  |  |  |  |
East North Central | 12.7% | 12.8% | <0.01 | 20.7% | 21.2% | 0.01 |
East South Central | 10.0% | 10.0% | <0.01 | 10.0% | 10.1% | <0.01 |
Middle Atlantic | 16.0% | 15.9% | <0.01 | 9.0% | 8.9% | <0.01 |
Mountain | 3.1% | 3.1% | <0.01 | 1.9% | 1.9% | <0.01 |
New England | 2.8% | 2.8% | <0.01 | 5.7% | 5.9% | <0.01 |
Pacific | 12.8% | 13.1% | <0.01 | 14.6% | 14.8% | <0.01 |
South Atlantic | 24.1% | 24.0% | <0.01 | 30.5% | 29.9% | 0.01 |
West North Central | 5.2% | 5.0% | <0.01 | 5.3% | 5.4% | <0.01 |
West South Central | 13.2% | 13.2% | <0.01 | 2.2% | 1.9% | 0.02 |
Other OAD initiated at index date | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 0% | 0.6% | - | 0% | 0.4% | - |
  Acarbose | 0% | 0.5% | - | 0% | 0.3% | - |
  Miglitol | 0% | 0.0% | - | 0% | 0.0% | - |
Biguanide: Metformin | 0% | 51.5% | - | 0% | 69.1% | - |
Meglitinides | 0% | 2.4% | - | 0% | 0.9% | - |
  Nateglinide | 0% | 1.0% | - | 0% | 0.4% | - |
  Repaglinide | 0% | 1.3% | - | 0% | 0.5% | - |
Sulfonylureas | 0% | 33.8% | - | 0% | 22.0% | - |
  Chlorpropamide | 0% | 0.0% | - | 0% | 0.0% | - |
  Glimepiride | 0% | 11.0% | - | 0% | 8.1% | - |
  Glipizide | 0% | 14.3% | - | 0% | 8.3% | - |
  Glyburide (glibenclamide in UK data sources) | 0% | 8.5% | - | 0% | 5.6% | - |
Tolazamide | 0% | 0.0% | - | 0% | 0.0% | - |
  Tolbutamide | 0% | 0.0% | - | 0% | 0.0% | - |
Thiazolidinediones | 0% | 11.7% | - | 0% | 7.7% | - |
  Pioglitazone | 0% | 11.0% | - | 0% | 7.3% | - |
  Rosiglitazone | 0% | 0.8% | - | 0% | 0.4% | - |
On glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist | 2.1% | 1.1% | 0.07 | 3.8% | 2.9% | 0.05 |
On insulin | 15.9% | 14.9% | 0.03 | 9.7% | 8.3% | 0.05 |
Mean (SD) number of hemoglobin A1c measures | 1.3 (0.9) | 0.9 (0.9) | 0.51 | 1.1 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.50 |
Severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (prior 180 d) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Cerebrovascular disease | 10.5% | 10.6% | <0.01 | 2.4% | 2.4% | <0.01 |
Coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation | 40.8% | 38.2% | 0.05 | 11.8% | 11.1% | 0.02 |
Metabolic (ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar,coma) | 1.3% | 1.3% | <0.01 | 0.7% | 0.7% | <0.01 |
Nephropathy | 20.2% | 15.7% | 0.11 | 5.0% | 3.6% | 0.07 |
Neuropathy | 22.9% | 18.1% | 0.12 | 8.3% | 6.8% | 0.06 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 18.4% | 16.6% | 0.05 | 3.9% | 3.4% | 0.03 |
Retinopathy | 13.3% | 10.5% | 0.09 | 5.3% | 3.9% | 0.07 |
Unspecified additional diabetic complications | 7.9% | 6.9% | 0.04 | 3.8% | 2.7% | 0.06 |
Medical comorbidities | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Allergic rhinitis/hay fever | 7.1% | 5.6% | 0.06 | 5.2% | 4.6% | 0.03 |
Asthma | 7.7% | 7.9% | 0.01 | 3.8% | 4.3% | 0.02 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/bronchitis | 12.5% | 13.4% | 0.03 | 2.7% | 3.0% | 0.02 |
Dermatologic disorders | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Eczema | 3.5% | 3.0% | 0.02 | 2.2% | 1.9% | 0.02 |
  Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis | 0.9% | 0.9% | <0.01 | 0.9% | 0.9% | 0.01 |
Gastrointestinal disease | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Cirrhosis | 0.8% | 0.8% | <0.01 | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.01 |
  Gallbladder disease | 2.2% | 2.3% | 0.01 | 1.1% | 1.1% | <0.01 |
  Hemochromatosis | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.01 | 0.2% | 0.2% | <0.01 |
Hyperlipidemia | 77.1% | 66.3% | 0.24 | 62.0% | 48.7% | 0.27 |
Hypertension | 85.3% | 78.1% | 0.18 | 60.9% | 50.9% | 0.20 |
Infections | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Hepatitis B virus infection | 0.2% | 0.2% | <0.01 | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.01 |
  Hepatitis C virus infection | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.02 | 0.5% | 0.5% | <0.01 |
  Human immunodeficiency virus | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.02 | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.03 |
Malignancy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Hematologic | 1.3% | 1.3% | 0.01 | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.01 |
  Solid organ | 8.2% | 8.6% | 0.01 | 3.3% | 3.3% | <0.01 |
Obesity | 11.1% | 10.7% | 0.01 | 9.3% | 9.4% | <0.01 |
Rheumatoid arthritis | 2.8% | 2.5% | 0.02 | 0.9% | 0.9% | <0.01 |
Medications | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Acetaminophen/paracetamol | 28.1% | 26.3% | 0.04 | 20.2% | 19.8% | 0.01 |
Anti-asthmatic agents | 14.4% | 12.5% | 0.05 | 8.3% | 7.9% | 0.01 |
Antibacterials | 46.3% | 40.3% | 0.12 | 38.1% | 35.7% | 0.05 |
Anticonvulsants | 5.4% | 5.6% | 0.01 | 7.2% | 7.5% | 0.01 |
Antifungals | 10.1% | 8.1% | 0.07 | 6.8% | 5.7% | 0.05 |
Antihistamines | 11.8% | 9.4% | 0.08 | 6.4% | 5.7% | 0.03 |
Anti-hyperlipidemic agents | 69.2% | 52.8% | 0.34 | 53.5% | 38.6%) | 0.30 |
Antihypertensive agents | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 43.1% | 37.2% | 0.12 | 35.8% | 28.0% | 0.17 |
  Angiotensin receptor blockers | 28.5% | 18.0% | 0.25 | 20.1% | 14.1% | 0.16 |
  Beta blockers | 44.0% | 36.1% | 0.16 | 21.2% | 18.4% | 0.07 |
  Calcium channel blockers | 31.7% | 26.3% | 0.12 | 16.0% | 13.9% | 0.06 |
  Loop diuretics | 23.1% | 18.1% | 0.12 | 5.1% | 4.7% | 0.02 |
  Other antihypertensive agents | 11.9% | 9.0% | 0.10 | 4.8% | 3.9% | 0.04 |
  Thiazide diuretics | 21.7% | 15.6% | 0.16 | 18.2% | 15.0% | 0.09 |
Antivirals | 2.3% | 2.0% | 0.02 | 1.9% | 2.5% | 0.04 |
Non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory | 17.4% | 14.7% | 0.08 | 13.9% | 12.9% | 0.03 |
Other antiplatelet/anticoagulant agents | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Aspirin | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.02 | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.01 |
  Clopidogrel | 13.7% | 10.4% | 0.10 | 4.0% | 3.6% | 0.02 |
  Low-molecular-weight heparin | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.02 | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.01 |
  Warfarin | 7.4% | 7.0% | 0.02 | 2.1% | 1.7% | 0.03 |
Other medications | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Allopurinol | 5.4% | 4.1% | 0.06 | 2.5% | 2.4% | <0.01 |
  Anti-arrhythmics | 13.6% | 12.2% | 0.04 | 4.7% | 4.6% | 0.01 |
  Immune modulators/immunosuppressants | 4.5% | 4.1% | 0.02 | 2.2% | 2.4% | 0.01 |
  Nitroglycerin | 4.6% | 3.8% | 0.04 | 1.3% | 1.3% | <0.01 |
  Urinary anti-spasmodics | 5.4% | 4.5% | 0.04 | 0.9% | 1.2% | 0.03 |
Psychotropic agents | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Antidepressants | 27.4% | 25.3% | 0.05 | 19.1% | 18.9% | <0.01 |
  Antipsychotics | 7.5% | 7.8% | 0.01 | 2.1% | 2.3% | 0.01 |
Prior OAD Therapy ‡ | 77.6% | 36.1% | 0.92 | 66.7% | 23.2% | 0.97 |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 0.8% | 0.3% | 0.08 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.05 |
  Acarbose | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.07 | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.05 |
  Miglitol | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.03 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.02 |
Biguanide: Metformin | 51.4% | 37.4% | 0.29 | 51.9% | 42.6% | 0.19 |
Meglitinides | 3.0% | 1.1% | 0.13 | 1.4% | 0.4% | 0.10 |
  Nateglinide | 1.5% | 0.5% | 0.10 | 0.8% | 0.2% | 0.08 |
  Repaglinide | 1.6% | 0.7% | 0.09 | 0.7% | 0.2% | 0.07 |
Sulfonylureas | 42.5% | 16.8% | 0.59 | 28.0% | 8.7% | 0.51 |
  Chlorpropamide | 0.0% | 0.0% | <0.01 | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.01 |
  Glimepiride | 16.5% | 5.3% | 0.37 | 12.3% | 3.2% | 0.34 |
  Glipizide | 17.7% | 8.8% | 0.27 | 11.0% | 4.3% | 0.26 |
  Glyburide | 9.5% | 5.2% | 0.16 | 5.2% | 2.0% | 0.17 |
  Tolazamide | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.01 | 0% | 0% | - |
  Tolbutamide | 0.0% | 0.0% | <0.01 | 0% | 0% | - |
Thiazolidinediones | 24.2% | 8.4% | 0.44 | 15.0% | 5.5% | 0.32 |
  Pioglitazone | 21.4% | 7.3% | 0.41 | 13.6% | 5.0% | 0.30 |
  Rosiglitazone | 3.2% | 1.9% | 0.08 | 1.5% | 0.9% | 0.05 |