Table 3 The characteristics of vitamin B12-deficient participants compared to those with normal vitamin B12 levels

Age (years)

62.3 ± 10.2

57.0 ± 10.2

0.012

T2DM duration (years)

12(8.75/17)

9(5/16)

0.055

Duration of metformin use (years)

11(6.75/13.25)

8(3/13)

0.015

Total daily dose of metformin (gram)

2.6 ± 0.7

2.4 ± 0.7

0.228

Cumulative dose of metformin (gram)

28.9(14.5/40.8)

17(7.7/31.3)

0.009

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

100.4(78.6/129)

108.5(88/150.7)

0.093

 Women, n(%)

 Men, n(%)

21(61.8)

13(38.2)

59(67.8)

28(32.2)

0.530

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

HbA1c (%)

57(45/81)

7.4(6.3/9.6)

79(58/99)

9.4(7.5/11.2)

0.001

Insulin use, yes(%)

28(82.4)

68(78.2)

0.451

Acetylsalicylic acid use, yes(%)

30(88.2)

64(73.5)

0.081

Coffee use, yes(%)

9(26.4)

14(16)

0.191

 Black, n(%)

 Non-black, n(%)

22(64.7)

12(35.3)

67(75.3)

20(24.7)

0.168

BMI (kg/m²)

34.0 ± 6.5

33.1 ± 6.3

0.469

 One, n(%)

 Two, n(%)

 Three, n(%)

0(0)

21(63.6)

12(36.6)

3(3.5)

40(46.5)

43(50)

0.198

Use of PPI or H2RA, yes(%)

5(14.7)

7(8)

0.271

NTSS scores

4.16(2/7.25)

4.33(2/8.33)

0.914