Fig. 5

TPP-Niacin upregulated expression of OXPHOS target genes and mitochondrial dynamics genes in ARPE-19 cells. Relative expression of OXPHOS genes (a) and mitochondrial dynamic genes (FIS1, MFN1, and MFN2) and replication genes (TFAM and POLG) (b) in ARPE-19 treated for 2 h with 25 or 50 μM TPP-Niacin and then incubated with or without 300 μM H₂O₂ for a further 24 h. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 versus control group and *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus the H₂O₂-treated group were considered statistically significantly different