Table 1 Systemic toxicities of the MEML drugs and their proportions

Acute inhalation toxicity

54

18

Acetic acid, Amethocaine, Amitriptyline, Anastrozole, Benzhexol, Biperiden, Brimonidine, Bupivacaine, Carbex/Selegiline, Carbimazole, Cetrimide/Cetrimonium, Chlorhexidine, Chlorambucil, Chloroquine, Diazepam, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Chlorpromazine, Cimetidine, Clofazimine, Clomiphene citrate, Clotrimazole, Cyclizine, Edrophonium chloride, Emedastine, Ethambutol, Nitrate, Ethionamide, Ethosuximide, Feruxomide, Gentian violet, Halofantrine, Hydrogen peroxide, Lidocaine, Lindane, Lumefantrine, Metformin, Nifedipine, Orphenadrine, Oxymetazoline, Pethidine, Pilocarpine, Pralidoxime, mesylate, Prochlorperazine, Procyclidine, Proguanil, Promethazine, Pyrimethamine, Ropivacaine, Silver nitrate, Sulphur/Octasulfur, Suxamethonium, Tamoxifen, Tropicamide, Zinc oxide.

Oral acute toxicity

143

48

Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin), Acetic acid, Benzhexol, Adriamycin,

Adrenaline/Epinephrine, Alcuronium chloride, Allopurinol, Amethocaine, Amitriptyline, Amlodipine, Amodiaquine, Anastrozole, Atovaquone, Atropine, Azathioprine, Baclofen, Barium sulphate, Benzyl benzoate, Betaxolol, Biperiden, Bismuth chelate/Bismuth subsalicylate, Brimonidine, Brinzolamide, Busulphan, Carbamazepine, Carbex/Selegiline, Carbimazole, Cetirizine, Chlorhexidine, Chlorambucil, Chlordiazepoxide, Chloroquine, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Chlorpromazine, Clarithromycin, Clotrimazole, Codeine phosphate, Cyclizine, Cyclopentolate, Dapsone, Cyclophosphamide, Diazepam, Diclofenac sodium, Digoxin, Dihydrocodeine tartrate, Dinoprostone, Dorzolamide, Econazole, Edrophonium chloride, Efavirenz, Emedastine, Ergometrine maleate, Ethionamide, Ethosuximide, Ethyl chloride, Ferrous sulphate + folic acid, Feruxomide, Fluocinolone acetonide

Fluorometholone, Fluoxetine, Fluphenazine, Gentian violet, Glyceryl trinitrate, Haloperidol, Hydralazine HCL, Hydrogen peroxide, Hyoscine, Indomethacin, butylbromide/Butylscopolamine, Ifosphamide, Iodine, Isoniazid, Ketoconazole, Ketotifen, Lidocaine, Lindane, Loperamide, Lumefantrine, Magnesium sulphate, Mebendazole, Mefenamic acid, Mefloquine, Melarsprol, Melphalan, Metformin, Methotrexate, Metoclopramide, Miconazole, Misoprostol, Morphine sulphate, Mycophenolate mofetil, Nalidixic acid, Naloxone HCL, Neostigmine methylsulphate, Nevirapine, Niclosamide, Nifedipine, Nitrate, Nitrofurantoin, Ofloxacin, Orphenadrine, Oxymetazoline, Paracetamol, Paraldehyde, Pethidine, Phenobarbital, Phenothiazine, Phenylephrine, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Pilocarpine, Podophyllin resin, Potassium Chloride, Potassium permanganate, Pralidoxime mesylate, Praziquantel, Prazosin, Procarbazine, Prochlorperazine, Procyclidine, Proguanil, Promethazine, Propranolol HCL, Pyrimethamine, Quinine, Reserpine, Risperidone, Salbutamol, Silver nitrate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium chloride, Sulbutamol sulphate, Sulphur/Octasulfur, Tamoxifen, Tetracycline, Theophylline, Timolol, Tramadol, Travatan (Travoprost), Tropicamide, Vecuronium bromide, Verapamil, Vincristine, Warfarin sodium and Zinc oxide.

Acute dermal toxicity

58

20

Adrenaline/Epinephrine, Amethocaine, Amitriptyline, Baclofen, Bismuth chelate/Bismuth subsalicylate, Brimonidine, Carbex/Selegiline, Carbimazole, Cetrimide/Cetrimonium, Chlorhexidine, Chloroquine, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Chlorpromazine, Cimetidine, Clofazimine, Clomiphene citrate, Clotrimazole, Cyclizine, cyclophosphamide, Dithranol, Efavirenz, Ethionamide, Ethyl chloride, Fluocinolone acetonide, Fluorescein sodium, Gentian violet, Glyceryl trinitrate, Griseofulvin, Hydralazine HCL, Ibuprofen, Ifosphamide, Iodine, Isosorbide dinitrate, Ivermectin, Lidocaine, Lindane, Lumefantrine, Magnesium trisilicate, Metformin, Neostigmine methylsulphate, Nitrate, Orphenadrine, Pethidine, Phenothiazine, Phenylephrine, Podophyllin resin, Potassium Chloride, Potassium permanganate, Prochlorperazine, Proguanil, Silver nitrate, Sodium chloride, Sodium cromoglycate/Cromoglicic acid, Sulphur/Octasulfur, Suxamethonium, Tamoxifen, Warfarin sodium, Zinc oxide.

Eye irritation and corrosion

163

55

Acetazolamide, 5 Fluorouracil, Acetic acid, Acyclovir, Adriamycin, Albendazole, Allopurinol, Amethocaine, Amikacin, Aminophylline, Amlodipine, Amodiaquine, Amoxicillin, Amphotericin B, Ampicillin, Anastrozole, Atorvastatin, Azathioprine, Azithromycin, Barium sulphate, Bendrofluazide, Benzathine, Didanosine penicillin/Benzylpenicillin, Benzoic acid, Benzoyl peroxide, Bicalutamide, Bimatoprost, Bismuth chelate/Bismuth subsalicylate, Bismuth subgallate, Bleomycin, Brimonidine, Brinzolamide, Bromocriptine, Busulphan, Capreomycin, Captopril, Carbimazole, Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cetrimide/Cetrimonium, Chloramphenicol, Dorzolamide, Chlordiazepoxide, Cimetidine, Ciprofloxacin, Econazole,

Clarithromycin, Clavulanic acid, Clindamycin, Clofazimine, Clotrimazole, Cloxacillin, Desferrioxamine, Diazepam, cyclophosphamide, Cycloserine, cyclosporine, Dithranol, Doxycycline, Enalapril, Ergometrine maleate, Ethosuximide, Ethyl chloride, Ferrous sulphate + folic acid, Feruxomide, Flucloxacillin, Fluconazole, Fluorescein sodium, Fluphenazine, Folic acid, Furosemide, Ganciclovir, Gastrografin/Diatrizoate, Gentamicin, Glibenclamide, Gliclazide, Glyceryl trinitrate, Hydrochlorothiazide, Hydroxocobalamin, Hyoscine, butylbromide/Butylscopolamine, Idoxuridine, Ifosphamide, Imipenem, Indomethacin, Iodine, Isosorbide dinitrate, Kanamycin, Ketoconazole, Lamivudine, Leucovorin, Lidocaine, Lumefantrine, Lumigan, (Bimatroprost), Magnesium sulphate, Mebendazole, Meropenem, Methotrexate, Metoclopramide, Metolazone, Metronidazole, Miconazole, Moxifloxacin, Mycophenolate mofetil, N-acetylcysteine, Nalidixic acid, Natamycin, Nedocromil sodium, Neostigmine methylsulphate, Nifedipine, Nimodipine, Nitrate, Nitrofurantoin, Nystatin, Ofloxacin, Omeprazole, Oxymetazoline, Paclitaxel, Paraldehyde, Phenobarbital, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Phenytoin, Pilocarpine, Piperacillin, Potassium Chloride, Potassium permanganate, Pralidoxime mesylate, Praziquantel, Prazosin, Proguanil, Prohance/Gadoteridol, Promethazine, Pyrimethamine, Ranitidine, Reserpine, Rifampicin, Risperidone, Silver nitrate, Silver sulphadiazine, Sodium amidotrizoate/Diatrizoate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium chloride, Sodium lactate/Lactic acid, Stavudine, Streptomycin, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulphadoxine, Sulphur/Octasulfur, Suramin, Taxotere/Docetaxel, Tazobactam, Tenofovir, Tetracycline, Theophylline, Thiamine, Timolol, Vancomycin, Vecuronium bromide, Vincristine, Vitamin B12, Zidovudine, Zinc oxide.

Skin sensitization

76

26

Adrenaline/Epinephrine, Amethocaine, Amitriptyline, Amodiaquine, Ampicillin, Anastrozole, Azithromycin, Baclofen, Barium sulphate, Benzathine, penicillin/Benzylpenicillin, Benzoyl peroxide, Benzyl benzoate, Betaxolol, Bismuth chelate/Bismuth subsalicylate, Busulphan, Captopril, Carbex/Selegiline, Carbidopa, Cetrimide/Cetrimonium, Chlorhexidine, Chloramphenicol, Chlordiazepoxide, Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine, Clofazimine, Clotrimazole, Cloxacillin, Cyclizine, Desferrioxamine, Diazepam, Dinoprostone, Dithranol, Edrophonium chloride, Ferrous sulphate + folic acid, Flucloxacillin. Fluconazole, Fluorescein sodium, Fluoxetine, Gentian violet, Glyceryl trinitrate, Halofantrine, Hydralazine HCL, Isosorbide dinitrate, Lumefantrine, Magnesium sulphate, Magnesium trisilicate, Methyldopa, Metronidazole, Miconazole, Mycophenolate mofetil, Naloxone HCL, Niclosamide, Nitrate, Nitrofurantoin, Orphenadrine, Oxymetazoline, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Phenylephrine, Pilocarpine, Potassium permanganate, Pralidoxime mesylate, Prochlorperazine, Proguanil, Promethazine, Propranolol HCL, Pyridoxine, Pyrimethamine, Quinine, Ranitidine, Salbutamol, Silver nitrate, Silver sulphadiazine, Sulbutamol sulphate, Travatan (Travoprost), Vitamin K, Xalatan (Latanoprost).

Skin irritation and corrosion

39

13

Acetic acid, Amitriptyline, Artemether, Barium sulphate, Busulphan, Carbex/Selegiline, Cetrimide/Cetrimonium, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Chlorpromazine, Clotrimazole, cyclophosphamide, Ethyl chloride, Ferrous sulphate + folic acid, Feruxomide, Fluphenazine, Foscarnet, Hydrogen peroxide, Ifosphamide, Iodine, Lindane, Magnesium sulphate, Magnesium trisilicate, Nitrate, Orphenadrine, Paraldehyde, Phenothiazine, Potassium Chloride, Potassium permanganate, Prochlorperazine, Pyrimethamine, Silver nitrate, Sodium Bicarbonate, Sodium chloride, Sodium lactate/Lactic acid, Sodium thiosulphate/Thiosulphuric acid, Sodium Valproate, Sulphur/Octasulfur, Vitamin A, Zinc oxide.

drugs without indicated toxicities

42

14

Artesunate, Ascorbic acid, Atenolol, Beclomethasone dipropionate, Betamethasone, Bisacodyl, Calcium gluconate, Clobetasol propionate, Colchicine, Dexamethasone, Erythromycin, Estradiol/Estrogen, Ethinylestradiol, Fludrocortisone, Gabapentine, Glycerine/Glycerol, Hydrocortisone acetate, Hydroxyurea, Lactulose, Levodopa, Levonorgestrel, Levothyroxine, Lorazepam, Magnevist/Gadopentetic acid, Mannitol, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Menthol, Methylprednisolone, Nicotinamide, Norethisterone, Norgestrel, Postinor-2/Levonorgestrel, Prednisolone, Progesterone, Pyrazinamide, Simvastatin, Sodium ascorbate, Spironolactone, Thyroxine sodium, Tranexamic acid, Triamcinolone acetonide, Trimethoprim.

Drugs with 1 toxicity only

117

40

Acetazolamide, Aspirin, 5 Fluorouracil, Acyclovir, Albendazole, Alcuronium chloride, Amikacin, Aminophylline, Amoxicillin, Amphotericin B, Artemether, Atorvastatin, Atovaquone, Atropine, Bendrofluazide, Benzoic acid, Bicalutamide, Bimatoprost, Bismuth subgallate, Bleomycin, Bromocriptine, Bupivacaine, Capreomycin, Carbamazepine, Carbidopa, Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Cetirizine, Ciprofloxacin, Clavulanic acid, Clindamycin, Codeine phosphate, Cyclopentolate, Cycloserine, cyclosporine, Dapsone, Diclofenac sodium, Didanosine, Digoxin, Dihydrocodeine tartrate, Doxycycline, Enalapril, Ethambutol, Fluorometholone, Folic acid, Foscarnet, Furosemide, Ganciclovir, Gastrografin/Diatrizoate. Gentamicin, Glibenclamide, Gliclazide, Glyceryl trinitrate, Griseofulvin, Haloperidol, Hydrochlorothiazide, Hydroxocobalamin, Ibuprofen, Idoxuridine, Imipenem, Isoniazid, Ivermectin, Kanamycin, Ketotifen, Lamivudine, Leucovorin, Loperamide, Lumigan (Bimatoprost), Mefenamic acid, Mefloquine, Melarsprol melphalan, Meropenem, Methyldopa, Metolazone, Misoprostol, Morphine sulphate, Moxifloxacin, N-acetylcysteine, Natamycin, Nedocromil sodium, Nevirapine, Nimodipine, Nystatin, Omeprazole, Paclitaxel, Paracetamol, Phenytoin, Piperacillin, Procarbazine, Prohance/Gadoteridol, Pyridoxine, Rifampicin, Ropivacaine, Sodium amidotrizoate/Diatrizoate, Sodium cromoglycate/Cromoglicic acid, Sodium thiosulphate/Thiosulphuric acid, Sodium Valproate, Stavudine, Streptomycin, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulphadoxine, Suramin, Taxotere/Docetaxel, Tazobactam, Tenofovir, Thiamine, Tramadol, Vancomycin, Verapamil, Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, Vitamin K, Xalatan (Latanoprost), Zidovudine.

Drugs with 2 toxicities

65

22

Adriamycin, Allopurinol, Amlodipine, Ampicillin, Azathioprine, Azithromycin, Benzathine penicillin/Benzylpenicillin, Benzhexol, Benzoyl peroxide, Benzyl benzoate, Betaxolol, Biperiden, Brinzolamide, Captopril, Chlorambucil, Chloramphenicol, Clarithromycin, Clomiphene citrate, Cloxacillin, Desferrioxamine, Dinoprostone, Dorzolamide, Econazole, Efavirenz, Emedastine, Ergometrine maleate, Flucloxacillin, Fluconazole, Fluocinolone acetonide, Fluoxetine, Halofantrine, Hyoscine butylbromide/Butylscopolamine, Indomethacin, Ketoconazole, Mebendazole, Methotrexate, Metoclopramide, Metronidazole, Nalidixic acid, Naloxone HCL, Niclosamide, Ofloxacin, Phenobarbital, Podophyllin resin, Praziquantel, Prazosin, Procyclidine, Propranolol HCL, Quinine, Ranitidine, Reserpine, Risperidone, Salbutamol, Silver sulphadiazine, Sodium lactate/Lactic acid, Sulbutamol sulphate, Suxamethonium, Tetracycline, Theophylline, Timolol, Travatan (Travoprost), Vecuronium bromide, Vincristine, Warfarin sodium.

Drugs with 3 toxicities

28

9

Adrenaline/Epinephrine, Amodiaquine, Baclofen, Chlordiazepoxide, Cimetidine, Dithranol, Edrophonium chloride, Ethionamide, Ethosuximide, Fluorescein sodium, Fluphenazine, Hydralazine HCL, Hydrogen peroxide, Isosorbide dinitrate, Magnesium trisilicate, Metformin, Miconazole, Mycophenolate mofetil, Neostigmine methylsulphate, Nifedipine, Nitrofurantoin, Paraldehyde, Pethidine, Phenothiazine, Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Phenylephrinel, Sodium Bicarbonate, Tamoxifen.

Drugs with 4 toxicities

29

10

Acetic acid, Anastrozole, Barium sulphate, Bismuth chelate/Bismuth subsalicylate, Brimonidine, Busulphan, Carbimazole, Chlorhexidine, Chloroquine, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Clofazimine, Cyclizine, cyclophosphamide, Diazepam, Ethyl chloride, Ferrous sulphate + folic acid, Feruxomide, Gentian violet, Ifosphamide, Iodine, Lidocaine, Lindane, Magnesium sulphate, Oxymetazoline, Pilocarpine, Potassium Chloride, Pralidoxime mesylate, Promethazine, Sodium chloride.

Drugs with 5 toxicities

13

4

Amethocaine, Amitriptyline, Carbex/Selegiline, Cetrimide/Cetrimonium, Chlorpromazine, Lumefantrine, Orphenadrine, Potassium permanganate, Prochlorperazine, Proguanil, Pyrimethamine, Sulphur/Octasulfur, Zinc oxide.

Drugs with 6 toxicities

3

1

Clotrimazole, Nitrate, Silver nitrate.