Cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the food additive tartrazine on eukaryotic cells

Table 2 Cytogenetic profile of TRZ in meristematic cells of Allium cepa

Treatments	Concentrations	ET (h)	RG (mm)	Cell cycle phases					MI (%)
Treatments	Concentrations	ET (h)	RG (mm)	*Interphase*	*Prophase*	*Metaphase*	*Anaphase*	*Telophase*	MI (%)
NC	-	24	25.5 ± 2.8	476.2 ± 12.3	423.8 ± 7.85	41.0 ± 1.6	30.7 ± 2.6	28.2 ± 2.8	52.3 ±1.51
PC (ug/mL)	6		11.7 ± 0.5^a	842.1 ± 12.2^a	100.0 ± 13.9^a	26.75 ± 4.0^a	17.2 ± 2.5	14.0 ± 1.9^a	15.8 ± 1.1^a
TRZ (µg/mL)	400		15.0 ± 1.4^ab	703.75 ± 56.3^ab	259.0 ± 68.1^ab	10.75 ± 0.9^ab	12.5 ± 0.5^a	14.0 ± 2.1^a	29.6 ± 7.1^ab
	200		16.0 ± 0.8^ab	665.1 ± 73.9^ab	297.2 ± 56.4^ab	14.8 ± 1.4^a	10.4 ± 1.7^ab	12.5 ± 1.9^a	33.4 ± 7.7^ab
	100		16.1 ± 0.6^ab	700.1 ± 48.7^ab	252.2 ± 34.4^ab	16.6 ± 1.9^a	15.6 ± 1.0^a	15.2 ± 0.9^a	30.1 ± 6.5^ab
NC	-	72	36.2 ± 3.5	487.5 ± 12.3	412.5 ± 7.8	41.0 ± 1.63	30.7 ± 2.6	28.2 ± 2.8	51.2 ± 1.2
PC (µg/mL )	6		14.5 ± 0.5^a	873.0 ± 15.1^a	65.0 ± 15.7^a	29.7 ± 6.0	19.2 ± 3.6	14.0 ± 2.4^a	12.8 ± 1.3^a
TRZ (µg/mL)	400		19.8 ± 2.3^ab	652.8 ±74.3^ab	316.0 ± 58.1^ab	11.5 ± 0.9^a	10.5 ± 0.5^a	9.2 ± 2.1^a	34.7 ± 10.5^ab
	200		18.5 ± 1.2^ab	678.2 ± 63.9^ab	280.4 ± 46.4^ab	16.8 ± 1.9^a	13.2 ± 2.1^ab	11.4 ± 2.9^a	32.1 ± 5.6^ab
	100		23.2 ± 0.9^ab	648.0 ± 88.7^ab	300.7 ± 34.4^ab	20.5 ± 2.0^a	15.8 ± 1.7^a	14.2 ± 1.1^a	35.1 ± 8.8^ab

Values are mean ± SD. ANOVA one-way, followed by the Tukey post-test. ^acompared to the NC and ^bcompared to the PC group; p < 0.05; t(exposure)/h Exposure time, RG Root growth in mm, MI Mitotic index, TRZ Tartrazine, NC Vehicle (negative control), PC Positive control (CuSO₄.5H₂O)

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