Fig. 3
Effects of lupeol on the activation of STAT1, MAPKs, and NF-κB in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated keratinocytes. (A) The phosphorylation of STAT1, MAPKs (p38 and ERK) and (B) the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 were detected by Western blot. HaCaT cells (1 × 106 cells/well in a 6-well plate) were treated with lupeol (10 µM) or Dexa (10 µM) for 2 h, and then stimulated with 10 ng/ml of TNF-α and IFN-γ for 15 min. The samples were derived from the same experiment, and gels/blots were processed in parallel. Total form, α-Tubulin, and TBP were used as loading controls. Each blot is a representative result of three independent experiments. All original blots are shown in Additional file 1. The band intensity was measured using Image J software, and the protein relative ratio was calculated in comparison to the TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated group. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 3). #p < 0.05 and ###p < 0.001 versus CON group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 versus TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated group. CON, control; p-, phosphorylated