Fig. 6

BDMC treatment activates AMPKα via cAMP/Epac signaling pathway. Primary mouse peritoneal macrophages were isolated and pretreated with BDMC (10 µmol) for 12 h prior to LPS insult (100 ng/mL). (A-B) The levels of cAMP and PKA activity were assessed (n = 6). To knock down Epac, cells were pre-transfected with siEpac (50 nmol/L) or siRNA using Lip0 6000™. (C) The AMPKα phosphorylation was determined (n = 6). Cells were pretreated with 2′5′-ddAdo (AC inhibitor, 200 µmol/L), H89 (PKA inhibitor, 10 µmol/mL) or siEpac before BDMC stimulation. (E-G) The levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in cell medium (n = 6). (H) The NF-κB activity in macrophages (n = 6). (I-L) The levels of ROS, MDA, GSH and total SOD activity in cells (n = 6). Values represent the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 versus the matched group. NS means no significance