Table 1 Characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis
Studies | Country | Study Design | Participant | Sample size and Sex | Sample size | Trial Duration (Week) | Means Age | Means BMI | Intervention | Adverse events | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IG | CG | IG | CG | IG | CG | Acarbose (mg/d) | Control group | |||||||
Akazawa et al. 1982 [27] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | M/F; 24 | 10 | 14 | 7 | 20–79 | 20–79 | NR | NR | 300 | Glucomannan | Intestinal side effects, such as flatulence, diarrhea and eruction (n = 12) |
Scott et al. 1984 [28] | New Zealand | Crossover, R, PC | Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | M/F: 18 | 18 | 18 | 4 | 55.5 ± 7.1 | 55.5 ± 7.1 | NR | NR | 300 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal side effects, headache |
Hanefeld et al. 1991 [30] | Germany | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | M/F: 94 | 47 | 47 | 24 | 60 ± 16.5 | 59 ± 16.5 | 27.4 ± 7.85 | 27.7 ± 8.5 | 300 | Placebo | Diarrhea and Flatulence |
Jenney et al. 1993 [32] | Australia | Crossover, R, PC, DB | Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | M/F: 6 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 60.3 ± 2.5 | 60.3 ± 2.5 | NR | NR | 75 | Placebo | No side effects |
Hotta et al. 1993 [31] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | M/F: 37 | 19 | 18 | 24 | 49.8 ± 17.5 | 47.9 ± 18 | 23.5 ± 4.15 | 22.9 ± 4.4 | 300 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal symptoms |
Coniff et al. 1994 [33] | USA | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | M/F: 189 | 91 | 98 | 12 | 56 ± 9.5 | 55.8 ± 10 | 32 ± 16.75 | 31.5 ± 12.3 | 300 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal symptoms (cramp ing, abdominal pain, flatulence, and soft stools or diarrhea) |
Hoffman et al. 1994 [34] | Germany | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | M/F: 58 | 28 | 30 | 24 | 58.8 ± 6.9 | 56.9 ± 6.7 | 26.5 ± 1.6 | 26.8 ± 1.5 | 300 | Placebo | Bloating(n = 11) and flatulence (n = 12) |
Wolever et al. 1995 [35] | Canada | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Diabetes mellitus | M/F: 85 | 41 | 44 | 52 | 54.4 ± 11.5 | 57.6 ± 9.7 | 31.9 ± 6.3 | 29.7 ± 4.5 | 400 | Placebo | Flatulence |
Chiasson et al. 1996 [37] | Canada | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Obese women with Impaired Glucose Tolerance | M/F: 18 | 8 | 10 | 16 | 56.1 ± 8.7 | 55.4 ± 8.7 | 32.2 ± 6.9 | 29.3 ± 2.7 | 150 | Placebo | No statement |
Bayraktar et al. 1996 [36] | Turkey | Crossover, R, PC | Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus | M/F: 18 | 18 | 18 | 8 | 49 | 49 | NR | NR | 300 | Metformin | gastrointestinal side effects (n = 12) |
Costa et al. 1997 [38] | Spain | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus | M/F: 65 | 36 | 29 | 24 | 60.2 ± 8.4 | 61.7 ± 9 | 28.7 ± 4.2 | 27.4 ± 3 | 300 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal disorders |
Hoffmann et al. 1997 [39] | Germany | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | M/F: 63 | 31 | 32 | 24 | 58.9 ± 9.4 | 60.2 ± 8.6 | 26.4 ± 2.7 | 26.3 ± 2.2 | 300 | Placebo | Bloating and flatulence (n = 16) |
Laube et al.1998 [42] | Germany | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Overweight Subject | M: 12 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 55.53 ± 8.14 | 50 ± 6.23 | 28.5 ± 2 | 28.1 ± 1.4 | 100 | Placebo | No statement |
Buchanan et al. 1998 [29] | UK | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes | M/F: 20 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 60.1 ± 6.8 | 57.6 ± 8.2 | NR | NR | 350 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal disorders (n = 10) |
Bayraktar et al. 1998 [40] | Turkey | Parallel, R, PC | Obese women with diabetes mellitus | F: 50 | 25 | 25 | 12 | 38.12 ± 11.25 | 37.08 ± 9.5 | 34.83 ± 5.05 | 37.26 ± 5.9 | 300 | Control group | Gastrointestinal side effects (n = 12) |
Soonthornpun et al. 1998 [43] | Thailand | Crossover, R, PC, DB | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | M/F: 15 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 57.5 ± 2.6 | 57.5 ± 2.6 | NR | NR | 300 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal disorders, hypoglycemia. |
Chan et al. 1998 [41] | China | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Type 2 Diabetic Patients | M/F: 126 | 63 | 63 | 24 | 52.8 ± 10.2 | 54 ± 10 | 25.4 ± 3.9 | 25.6 ± 3.8 | 300 | Placebo | Flatulence |
Malaguarnera et al. 1999 [44] | Italy | Crossover, R, PC | Non diabetic patients with hyper- triglyceridemia | M/F: 30 | 30 | 30 | 4 | 51.1 ± 10.2 | 51.1 ± 10.2 | 27.9 ± 3.8 | 28 ± 3.8 | 100 | Control group | Gastrointestinal disorders (flatulence, nausea and diarrhea, n = 6) |
Riccardi et al. 1999 [45] | Italy | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Type 1 diabetes mellitus | M/F: 116 | 57 | 59 | 24 | 32.6 ± 11.78 | 36.3 ± 15.35 | 24.62 ± 3.53 | 24.74 ± 3.05 | 300 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal effects |
Malaguarnera et al. 2000 [47] | Italy | Parallel, R, PC | Hyper- triglyceridemia in non-diabetic patients | M/F: 30 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 60.13 ± 5.9 | 58.33 ± 6.7 | 29.23 ± 2.83 | 29.5 ± 3.11 | 100 | Placebo | No statement |
Halimi et al. 2000 [46] | France | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Overweight patients with Type 2 diabetes | M/F: 129 | 59 | 70 | 24 | 56 ± 9.2 | 55 ± 10 | 30.1 ± 3.3 | 29.7 ± 3.3 | 300 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal disorders |
Salman et al. 2000 [49] | Turkey | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with Type 2 Diabetes | M/F: 57 | 27 | 30 | 24 | 52.6 ± 9.1 | 56.1 ± 8.7 | 30.2 ± 3.8 | 29.2 ± 2.8 | 300 | Gliclazide | Mild to moderate flatulence and meteorism (n = 8), diarrhea (n = 1), nausea and mild abdominal pain (n = 1) |
Takei et al. 2001 [50] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC | Obese Type 2 patients | M/F: 15 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 56.7 ± 10.6 | 57.7 ± 10 | 28.2 ± 3.8 | 27.1 ± 2.4 | 150 | Control group | Mild abdominal distention |
Ko et al. 2001 [48] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetes | M/F: 57 | 27 | 30 | 52 | 58.5 ± 9.9 | 59.1 ± 12.5 | 24.3 ± 3.8 | 24.9 ± 3.4 | 300 | Insulin | Flatulence, diarrhea and abdominal colic (n = 5) |
Rosenbaum et al. 2002 [52] | Brazil | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Hypertensive type 2 diabetic subjects | M/F: 40 | 20 | 20 | 22 | 59.8 ± 8.2 | 62 ± 9.7 | 30.3 ± 2.9 | 31.7 ± 3.9 | 300 | Placebo | Hypoglycemic episodes (n = 1), flatulence (n = 6) and/or diarrhea (n = 3) |
Göke et al. 2002 [51] | Germany | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | M/F: 265 | 136 | 129 | 26 | 58.8 ± 9.1 | 58.9 ± 9.1 | 30.8 ± 4.4 | 30.9 ± 5.3 | 300 | Pioglitazone | Abdominal distension/ flatulence |
Pan et al. 2003 [55] | China | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance | M/F: 252 | 125 | 127 | 16 | 53.4 ± 8.63 | 55.6 ± 8.31 | 25.6 ± 2.99 | 25.8 ± 3.22 | 150 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal events (flatulence, abdomen enlarged and diarrhea), |
Fischer et al. 2003 [53] | Germany | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Type 2 diabetic patients | M/F: 50 | 25 | 25 | 16 | 59.4 ± 28 | 58.6 ± 31.5 | 27.3 ± 4 | 27 ± 3.5 | 300 | Placebo | No statement |
Hwu et al. 2003 [54] | Taiwan | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Type 2 diabetic patients | M/F: 107 | 54 | 53 | 18 | 58.1 ± 8.4 | 54.7 ± 8.6 | 24.2 ± 3.5 | 23.9 ± 3.7 | 300 | Placebo | Flatulence |
Rachmani et al. 2004 [56] | Israel | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Obese hypertensive subjects with normal glucose tolerance | M/F: 56 | 28 | 28 | 24 | 52.6 ± 6.2 | 53.2 ± 5.7 | 31.2 ± 2.3 | 30.9 ± 2.1 | 150 | Placebo | No statement |
Van de Laar et al. 2004 [57] | Netherlands | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes | M/F: 96 | 48 | 48 | 8 | 59.3 ± 7.5 | 57.8 ± 7.3 | 29.1 ± 4.6 | 29 ± 4.8 | 300 | Tolbutamide | Gastrointestinal adverse events such as flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal pain or nausea (n = 13), headache (n = 1) |
Yajima et al. 2004 [58] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 Diabetics | M/F: 22 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 58.7 ± 7.5 | 56.10 ± 7.6 | 25 ± 2.65 | 26.1 ± 2.9 | 300 | Metformin | No statement |
Inoue et al. 2006 [59] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with impaired glucose tolerance | M/F: 40 | 20 | 20 | 12 | NR | NR | 27.5 ± 3.8 | 27.5 ± 4 | 300 | Placebo | No statement |
Suzuki et al. 2006 [60] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypercholesterolemia | M/F: 330 | 16 | 17 | 24 | 67.9 ± 9.9 | 68.8 ± 12 | 25 ± 2.8 | 25.6 ± 4 | 150 | Colestimide | No adverse event |
Wagner et al. 2006 [61] | Sweden | Parallel, R, PC | Subjects With Mild Type 2 diabetes | M/F: 31 | 14 | 17 | 12 | 57 ± 3.5 | 54 ± 4 | 28.7 ± 3.3 | 28.7 ± 4.7 | 300 | Control group | No statement |
Penna et al. 2007 [62] | Brazil | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Obese patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome | F: 30 | 15 | 15 | 24 | 26.69 ± 1.46 | 25.93 ± 1.83 | 35.87 ± 2.6 | 35.04 ± 2.84 | 150 | Placebo | Mild abdominal distention and flatulence |
Yilmaz et al. 2007 [64] | Turkey | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetes | M/F: 34 | 15 | 19 | 24 | 62.6 ± 6.6 | 61.5 ± 12 | 31.3 ± 3.7 | 28.2 ± 5.9 | 300 | Control group | Flatulence and bloating (n = 2) |
Gao et al. 2007 [63] | China | Crossover, R, PC | Type 2 diabetes | M/F: 16 | 16 | 16 | 4 | 49.4 ± 6.4 | 49.4 ± 6.4 | NR | NR | 50 | Nateglinide | No statement |
Tuğrul et al. 2008 [67] | Turkey | Parallel, R, PC | Overweight and non-overweight patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome | F: 74 | 48 | 26 | 12 | 27.11 ± 6.04 | 27.11 ± 6.04 | 25.94 ± 5.03 | 26.11 ± 4.21 | 300 | Control group | Gastrointestinal event [abdominal pain, distention, and diarrhea (n = 12)] |
Nijpels et al. 2008 [66] | Netherlands | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Persons with impaired glucose tolerance | M/F: 118 | 60 | 58 | 156 | 58.5 ± 7.9 | 56.5 ± 7 | 28.4 ± 3.9 | 29.5 ± 3.8 | 300 | Placebo | Abdominal pain (13.1), diarrhea (19.7%), and flatulence (44.3%) |
Hasegawa et al. 2008 [65] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes | M/F: 24 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 56.3 ± 6.5 | 56.1 ± 6.6 | 23.4 ± 3.3 | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 300 | Control group | No statement |
Oyama et al. 2008 [11] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | M/F: 84 | 41 | 43 | 52 | 65 ± 6 | 63 ± 4 | 23.4 ± 2.5 | 23.1 ± 3.2 | 300 | Control group | No statement |
Derosa et al. 2009 [69] | Italy | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Type 2 diabetic patients | M/F: 103 | 52 | 51 | 15 | 55 ± 11 | 53 ± 9 | 26.7 ± 0.7 | 27.2 ± 0.9 | 300 | Repaglinide | Gastrointestinal events |
Derosa et al. 2009 [68] | Italy | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Type 2 diabetic patients | M/F: 274 | 136 | 138 | 24 | 56 ± 6 | 56 ± 7 | 26.57 ± 0.7 | 26.85 ± 0.7 | 300 | Pioglitazone | Gastrointestinal events |
Hanjalic-Beck et al. 2010 [71] | Germany | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome | F: 56 | 29 | 27 | 12 | 18–43 | 18–43 | 29 ± 7.52 | 31.6 ± 7.77 | 300 | Metformin | Gastrointestinal events (Abdominal disturbance, flatulence and diarrhea) |
Bao et al. 2010 [70] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetes | M/F: 46 | 24 | 22 | 8 | 54.7 | 52.6 | 25.28 ± 3.33 | 25.47 ± 2.99 | 100 | Control group | Hypoglycemia |
Koyasu et al. 2010 [72] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | M/F: 81 | 42 | 39 | 52 | 66.1 ± 8.6 | 66.5 ± 8 | 24.9 ± 2.7 | 24.5 ± 3.3 | 150 | Control group | Cardiovascular events |
Derosa et al. 2011 [73] | Italy | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Type 2 diabetic patients | M/F: 188 | 96 | 92 | 24 | 56 ± 7 | 56 ± 7 | 26.6 ± 0.8 | 26.8 ± 0.9 | 300 | Placebo | Nausea, gastrointestinal events |
Derosa et al. 2011 [74] | Italy | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Type 2 diabetic patients | M/F: 188 | 96 | 92 | 28 | 56 ± 7 | 56 ± 7 | 26.6 ± 0.8 | 26.8 ± 0.9 | 300 | Control group | Nausea, gastrointestinal events |
Wang et al. 2011 [75] | Taiwan | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 Diabetic Patients | M/F: 51 | 28 | 23 | 16 | 52.8 ± 8.2 | 54.7 ± 8.3 | 25.9 ± 3 | 25.3 ± 3.8 | 150 | Glibenclamide | Abdominal distension (13.8%), back pain (3.4%) and arthralgia (6.9%) |
Hirano et al. 2012 [76] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC | Acute Coronary Syndromes Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | M/F: 44 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 65 ± 10 | 65 ± 11 | 25 ± 3.9 | 24.9 ± 3.8 | 300 | Control group | No adverse events |
Hajiaghamohammadi et al. 2013 [77] | Iran | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease | M/F: 62 | 33 | 29 | 10 | 40.6 ± 10.8 | 40.6v2.3 | 30.1 ± 9.4 | 30.5 ± 11.9 | 100 | Ezetimibe | No serious adverse event |
Patel et al. 2013 [79] | Indiana | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Participants with early diabetes characterized | M/F: 162 | 81 | 81 | 52 | 53.6 ± 11.1 | 53.6 ± 11.7 | 35.2 ± 7.3 | 35.3 ± 7.1 | 300 | Placebo | No statement |
Wang et al. 2013 [80] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | M/F: 57 | 27 | 30 | 24 | 54.7 ± 8.9 | 55.89 ± 10.5 | NR | NR | 300 | Gliclazide | No statement |
Zheng et al. 2013 [81] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetic patients | M/F: 40 | 20 | 20 | 4 | 50.3 ± 10.3 | 49.8 ± 9.1 | 25.1 ± 3 | 24.7 ± 3.2 | 150 | Nateglinide | No statement |
Li et al. 2013 [78] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetic patients | M/F: 39 | 20 | 19 | 12 | 58.6 ± 11.1 | 54.6 ± 8.6 | 25.9 ± 2.6 | 26.7 ± 2.9 | 150 | Nateglinide | No statement |
Sugihara et al. 2014 [83] | Japan | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with obese type 2 diabetes | M/F: 44 | 22 | 22 | 12 | 61.8 ± 13.7 | 66.6 ± 13 | 28.6 ± 2.7 | 28.7 ± 3.1 | 300 | Control group | Abdominal symptoms |
Lee et al. 2014 [82] | Korea | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetes | M/F: 121 | 59 | 62 | 24 | 58.36 ± 8.59 | 58.73 ± 10.09 | 24.7 ± 3.29 | 24.99 ± 3.09 | 300 | Voglibose | Gastrointestinal events and hypoglycemia |
Yang et al. 2014 [84] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetes | M/F: 711 | 361 | 350 | 48 | 50.6 ± 9.2 | 50.2 ± 9.3 | 25.5 ± 2.7 | 25.7 ± 2.6 | 300 | Metformin | Six serious adverse events in the acarbose group (Gastrointestinal disorders) |
Zhou et al. 2015 [86] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | M/F: 103 | 52 | 51 | 2 | 53.8 ± 9.3 | 53.9 ± 10.2 | 24.88 ± 2.69 | 25.15 ± 2.92 | 150 | Nateglinide | No statement |
Su et al. 2015 [85] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus1 | M/F: 95 | 59 | 36 | 4 | 55.7 ± 11 | 56.5 ± 10.2 | 27.21 ± 4.25 | 26.73 ± 3.11 | 150 | Control group | No statement |
Rezai et al. 2016 [90] | Iran | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Infertile Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome | F: 60 | 30 | 30 | 12 | 26.3 ± 4.6 | 26.3 ± 4.7 | 26.9 ± 1.8 | 27.3 ± 2.4 | 100 | Metformin | Distension, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Anorexia |
Yun et al. 2016 [92] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with Newly Diagnosed Impaired Glucose Tolerance | M/F: 135 | 67 | 68 | 120 | 62.24 ± 5.16 | 61.62 ± 4.58 | 26.05 ± 3.24 | 25.82 ± 2.45 | 150 | Control group | Severe abdominal distension and diarrhea (n = 6) |
Sun et al. 2016 [91] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients with overweight and/or obese | M/F: 108 | 54 | 54 | 24 | 53 ± 8 | 52 ± 6 | 27.07 ± 1.97 | 27.02 ± 1.85 | 300 | Metformin | Mild hypoglycemic Symptoms (n = 3), Abdominal distension (n = 10) |
Pan et al. 2016 [89] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus | M/F: 762 | 382 | 380 | 48 | 50.59 ± 9.19 | 50.44 ± 9.34 | 25.6 ± 2.57 | 25.67 ± 2.58 | 300 | Metformin | No statement |
Li et al. 2016 [88] | China | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | M/F: 38 | 15 | 23 | 24 | 57 ± 6.7 | 56 ± 9.71 | 25.47 ± 2.61 | 25.67 ± 2.74 | 150 | SZ-A | Gastrointestinal disorders |
Chen et al. 2016 [87] | Taiwan | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetic patients | M/F: 60 | 30 | 30 | 24 | 67.2 ± 7.6 | 66.3 ± 8.8 | 30.1 ± 18.4 | 26 ± 3.4 | 150 | Pioglitazone | Mild to moderate gastrointestinal symptoms |
Ziaee et al. 2017 [94] | Iran | Crossover, R, PC | Patients with Type-1 diabetes mellitus | M/F: 40 | 40 | 40 | 24 | 19.31 ± 1.25 | 19.31 ± 1.25 | 23.96 ± 1.7 | 23.21 ± 1.4 | 300 | Metformin | No statement |
Shi et al. 2017 [93] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with obesity and type-2 diabetes | M/F: 36 | 18 | 18 | 12 | 38.7 ± 10.3 | 44.4 ± 11.1 | 31.13 ± 2.54 | 31.48 ± 3.09 | 300 | Control group | No statement |
Khalili et al. 2018 [95] | Iran | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with Metabolic Syndrome | M/F: 74 | 32 | 42 | 24 | 41.2 ± 7.7 | 38.9 ± 9.1 | NR | NR | 300 | Placebo | Gastrointestinal events |
Yang et al. 2019 [96] | Korea | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | M/F: 131 | 66 | 65 | 24 | 60.89 ± 8.9 | 56.55 ± 10.6 | 25.05 ± 4 | 25.39 ± 3.6 | 300 | Control group | Spinal osteoarthritis |
Khalili et al. 2020 [98] | Iran | Parallel, R, PC, DB | Obesity and Overweight | M/F: 74 | 32 | 42 | 24 | 41.25 ± 7.71 | 38.92 ± 9.05 | 38.11 ± 5.02 | 36.12 ± 4.66 | 300 | Control group | Abdominal bloating, diarrhea and stool softening |
Gao et al. 2020 [97] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Type 2 diabetes mellitus | M/F: 124 | 62 | 62 | 12 | 63 ± 5.25 | 60 ± 5.5 | 25.6 ± 2.6 | 26.42 ± 2.76 | 150 | Metformin | Gastrointestinal events (n = 1), hypoglycemia (n = 6) |
Yang et al. 2022 [99] | China | Parallel, R, PC | Patients with primary polycystic ovarian syndrome | F:92 | 46 | 46 | 24 | 26.5 ± 5.5 | 26.5 ± 4.5 | NR | NR | 150 | Control group | No statement |