Table 2 Quality assessment (A summary of the risk of bias according to Cochrane  criteria)

Akazawa et al. 1982 [27]

U

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Scott et al. 1984 [28]

L

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Hanefeld et al. 1991 [30]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Jenney et al. 1993 [32]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Hotta et al. 1993 [31]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Coniff et al. 1994 [33]

L

H

H

H

L

U

H

H

Bad

Hoffman et al. 1994 [34]

L

H

H

H

L

U

H

H

Bad

Wolever et al. 1995 [35]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Chiasson et al. 1996 [37]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Bayraktar et al. 1996 [36]

U

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Costa et al. 1997 [38]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Hoffmann et al. 1997 [39]

L

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Laube et al.1998 [42]

U

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Buchanan et al. 1998 [29]

U

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Bayraktar et al. 1998 [40]

U

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Soonthornpun et al. 1998 [43]

L

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Chan et al. 1998 [41]

L

H

L

H

L

U

H

H

Bad

Malaguarnera et al. 1999 [44]

U

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Riccardi et al. 1999 [45]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Malaguarnera et al. 2000 [47]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Halimi et al. 2000 [46]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Salman et al. 2000 [49]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Takei et al. 2001 [50]

L

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Ko et al. 2001 [48]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Rosenbaum et al. 2002 [52]

L

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Göke et al. 2002 [51]

L

L

L

H

H

H

H

H

Bad

Pan et al. 2003 [55]

L

H

L

H

L

H

L

H

Bad

Fischer et al. 2003 [53]

L

H

H

H

L

U

L

H

Bad

Hwu et al. 2003 [54]

L

H

L

H

L

U

H

H

Bad

Rachmani et al. 2004 [56]

L

L

H

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Van de Laar et al. 2004 [57]

L

L

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Yajima et al. 2004 [58]

L

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Inoue et al. 2006 [59]

U

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Suzuki et al. 2006 [60]

L

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Wagner et al. 2006 [61]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Penna et al. 2007 [62]

U

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Yilmaz et al. 2007 [64]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Gao et al. 2007 [63]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Tuğrul et al. 2008 [67]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Nijpels et al. 2008 [66]

L

L

H

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Hasegawa et al. 2008 [65]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Oyama et al. 2008 [11]

L

H

L

H

H

H

H

H

Bad

Derosa et al. 2009 [69]

L

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Derosa et al. 2009 [68]

L

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Hanjalic-Beck et al. 2010 [71]

L

L

H

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Bao et al. 2010 [70]

L

L

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Koyasu et al. 2010 [72]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Derosa et al. 2011 [73]

L

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Derosa et al. 2011 [74]

L

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Wang et al. 2011 [75]

L

L

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Hirano et al. 2012 [76]

L

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Hajiaghamohammadi et al. 2013 [77]

U

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Patel et al. 2013 [79]

L

H

L

H

L

U

H

H

Bad

Wang et al. 2013 [80]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Zheng et al. 2013 [81]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Li et al. 2013 [78]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Sugihara et al. 2014 [83]

L

L

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Lee et al. 2014 [82]

L

H

L

H

H

H

H

H

Bad

Yang et al. 2014 [84]

U

L

L

H

H

H

H

H

Bad

Zhou et al. 2015 [86]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Su et al. 2015 [85]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Rezai et al. 2016 [90]

L

H

L

H

L

U

L

M

Fair

Yun et al. 2016 [92]

L

L

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Sun et al. 2016 [91]

L

L

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Pan et al. 2016 [89]

L

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Li et al. 2016 [88]

L

H

L

H

L

U

H

H

Bad

Chen et al. 2016 [87]

U

L

L

H

H

H

H

H

Bad

Ziaee et al. 2017 [94]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Shi et al. 2017 [93]

L

H

L

H

H

H

L

H

Bad

Khalili et al. 2018 [95]

L

L

L

H

H

H

H

H

Bad

Yang et al. 2019 [96]

L

L

L

H

L

U

H

M

Fair

Khalili et al. 2020 [98]

L

L

L

H

L

U

L

L

Good

Gao et al. 2020 [97]

L

L

L

H

H

H

H

H

Bad

Yang et al. 2022 [99]

L

H

H

H

H

H

L

H

Bad