Table 1 Baseline characteristics in each cohort
Cohort | Monotherapy cohort at Index date-1 (N = 13,359) | Combination therapy added on metformin cohort at Index date-2 (N = 1,064) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drug class | DPP-4i | SU | TZD | α-GI | Glinide | SGLT2i | GLP-1 Ra | Total Mono | DPP-4i | SU | TZD | α-GI | Glinide | SGLT2i | GLP-1 Ra | Total Comb |
n | 10,111 | 602 | 219 | 956 | 301 | 872 | 298 | 13,359 | 688 | 51 | 32 | 28 | 16 | 220 | 29 | 1,064 |
% Female | 38.7 | 38.2 | 42.9 | 40.4 | 33.9 | 36.4 | 43.0 | 38.7 | 41.1 | 29.4 | 53.1 | 28.6 | 37.5 | 35.9 | 72.4 | 40.3 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.4 (1.3) | 7.7 (1.7) | 7.3 (1.6) | 7.2 (1.3) | 7.3 (1.7) | 7.6 (1.4) | 8.8 (2.3) | 7.5 (1.4) | 8.2 (1.6) | 9.2 (1.8) | 8.6 (1.9) | 7.9 (1.6) | 7.3 (1.0) | 8.4 (1.9) | 8.3 (1.9) | 8.3 (1.7) |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 58 (15) | 61 (18) | 56 (18) | 55 (15) | 57 (19) | 60 (15) | 73 (25) | 58 (15) | 66 (17) | 77 (20) | 70 (20) | 63 (18) | 56 (11) | 69 (20) | 68 (20) | 67 (18) |
Age (years) | 69.3 (11.8) | 71.1 (11.4) | 67.0 (12.7) | 68.1 (12.8) | 70.3 (11.6) | 60.4 (13.7) | 61.4 (15.2) | 68.6 (12.3) | 60.6 (13.0) | 59.4 (13.2) | 56.7 (11.9) | 55.6 (17.1) | 61.1 (16.4) | 51.9 (12.5) | 48.5 (12.5) | 58.2 (13.5) |
  ≤ 64 | 3,030 (30.0) | 144 (23.9) | 85 (38.8) | 318 (33.3) | 78 (25.9) | 495 (56.8) | 163 (54.7) | 4,313 (32.3) | 381 (55.4) | 30 (58.8) | 21 (65.6) | 18 (64.3) | 8 (50.0) | 178 (80.9) | 26 (89.7) | 662 (62.2) |
 65–74 | 3,436 (34.0) | 205 (34.1) | 68 (31.1) | 316 (33.1) | 108 (35.9) | 248 (28.4) | 70 (23.5) | 4,451 (33.3) | 226 (32.8) | 14 (27.5) | 11 (34.4) | 7 (25.0) | 3 (18.8) | 39 (17.7) | 3 (10.3) | 303 (28.5) |
  ≥ 75 | 3,645 (36.0) | 253 (42.0) | 66 (30.1) | 322 (33.7) | 115 (38.2) | 129 (14.8) | 65 (21.8) | 4,595 (34.4) | 81 (11.8) | 7 (13.7) | 0 | 3 (10.7) | 5 (31.3) | 3 (1.4) | 0 | 99 (9.3) |
Comorbidities (%) | ||||||||||||||||
 Hypertension | 6770 (67.0) | 395 (65.6) | 151 (68.9) | 595 (62.2) | 198 (65.8) | 580 (66.5) | 176 (59.1) | 8865 (66.4) | 416 (60.5) | 29 (56.9) | 18 (56.3) | 15 (53.6) | 10 (62.5) | 113 (51.4) | 16 (55.2) | 617 (58.0) |
 Ischaemic heart disease | 2703 (26.7) | 176 (29.2) | 47 (21.5) | 265 (27.7) | 80 (26.6) | 271 (31.1) | 55 (18.5) | 3597 (26.9) | 121 (17.6) | 9 (17.6) | 2 (6.3) | 6 (21.4) | 1 (6.3) | 25 (11.4) | 1 (3.4) | 165 (15.5) |
 Myocardial infarction | 716 (7.1) | 39 (6.5) | 8 (3.7) | 55 (5.8) | 17 (5.6) | 93 (10.7) | 16 (5.4) | 944 (7.1) | 30 (4.4) | 4 (7.8) | 2 (6.3) | 2 (7.1) | 0 | 5 (2.3) | 0 | 43 (4.0) |
 Heart failure | 2327 (23.0) | 113 (18.8) | 27 (12.3) | 172 (18.0) | 82 (27.2) | 244 (28.0) | 60 (20.1) | 3025 (22.6) | 73 (10.6) | 6 (11.8) | 3 (9.4) | 2 (7.1) | 1 (6.3) | 14 (6.4) | 3 (10.3) | 102 (9.6) |
 Stroke | 2115 (20.9) | 120 (19.9) | 49 (22.4) | 165 (17.3) | 48 (15.9) | 118 (13.5) | 52 (17.4) | 2667 (20.0) | 111 (16.1) | 7 (13.7) | 4 (12.5) | 5 (17.9) | 3 (18.8) | 14 (6.4) | 7 (24.1) | 151 (14.2) |
 Renal impairment | 1916 (18.9) | 59 (9.8) | 30 (13.7) | 194 (20.3) | 73 (24.3) | 107 (12.3) | 81 (27.2) | 2460 (18.4) | 57 (8.3) | 5 (9.8) | 6 (18.8) | 4 (14.3) | 1 (6.3) | 39 (17.7) | 4 (13.8) | 116 (10.9) |
 Diabetic foot | 269 (2.7) | 19 (3.2) | 6 (2.7) | 27 (2.8) | 12 (4.0) | 17 (1.9) | 13 (4.4) | 363 (2.7) | 10 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (3.1) | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (3.4) | 14 (1.3) |
 Hepatic impairment - Severe | 530 (5.2) | 42 (7.0) | 14 (6.4) | 49 (5.1) | 15 (5.0) | 21 (2.4) | 10 (3.4) | 681 (5.1) | 21 (3.1) | 2 (3.9) | 3 (9.4) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (6.9) | 32 (3.0) |
 Lactic acidosis | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
 T1DM | 96 (0.9) | 6 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 80 (8.4) | 5 (1.7) | 61 (7.0) | 3 (1.0) | 252 (1.9) | 5 (0.7) | 1 (2.0) | 0 | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 4 (1.8) | 1 (3.4) | 12 (1.1) |