Fig. 4

For analysis of liver enzymes and bilirubin levels, 24 male Wistar rats were allocated into the following groups, the Sham + Saline (N = 6), Sham + Nicotine (N = 6), BDL + Saline (N = 6), and BDL + Nicotine (N = 6). The effect of 3-week nicotine administration on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities and total bilirubin levels were analyzed in all groups. Data are shown as Mean ± SEM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test. **** P < 0.0001 in comparison with the corresponding sham-operated group. & P < 0.05, && P < 0.01, &&&& P < 0.0001 in comparison with the bile duct ligated-saline group