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Study of arsenic accumulation in rice and evaluation of protective effects of Chorchorus olitorius leaves against arsenic contaminated rice induced toxicities in Wistar albino rats
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-016-0091-8
© The Author(s). 2016
Received: 16 April 2016
Accepted: 28 September 2016
Published: 14 October 2016
Abstract
Background
In the present study, we investigated the arsenic accumulation in different parts of rice irrigated with arsenic contaminated water. Besides, we also evaluated the protective effects of Corchorus olitorius leaves against arsenic contaminated rice induced toxicities in animal model.
Methods
A pot experiment was conducted with arsenic amended irrigation water (0.0, 25.0, 50.0 and 75.0 mg/L As) to investigate the arsenic accumulation in different parts of rice. In order to evaluate the protective effects of Corchorus olitorius leaves, twenty Wistar albino rats were divided into four different groups. The control group (Group-I) was supplied with normal laboratory pellets while groups II, III, and IV received normal laboratory pellets supplemented with arsenic contaminated rice, C. olitorius leaf powder (4 %), arsenic contaminated rice plus C. olitorius leaf powder (4 %) respectively. Different haematological parameters and serum indices were analyzed to evaluate the protective effects of Corchorus olitorius leaves against arsenic intoxication. To gather more supportive evidences of Corchorus olitorius potentiality against arsenic intoxication, histopathological analysis of liver, kidney, spleen and heart tissues was also performed.
Results
From the pot experiment, we have found a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase of arsenic accumulation in different parts of rice with the increase of arsenic concentrations in irrigation water and the trend of accumulation was found as root > straw > husk > grain. Another part of the experiment revealed that supplementation of C. olitorius leaves with arsenic contaminated rice significantly (p < 0.05) restored the altered haematological parameters and other serum indices towards the normal values. Arsenic deposition pattern on different organs and histological studies on the ultrastructural changes of liver, kidneys, spleen and heart also supported the protective roles of Corchorus olitorius leaves against arsenic contaminated rice induced toxicities.
Conclusion
Arsenic accumulation in different parts of rice increased dose-dependently. Hence, for irrigation purpose arsenic contaminated water cannot be used. Furthermore, arsenic contaminated rice induced several toxicities in animal model, most of which could be minimized with the food supplementation of Corchorus olitorius leaves. Therefore, Corchorus olitorius can be used as a potential food supplement to the affected people of arsenic prone zone to ensure the food security.
Keywords
Background
Arsenic (As), the king of poisons, is one of the most pivotal environmental toxicants, currently poisoning ten million people worldwide [1, 2]. Recently, As contamination of ground water is considered as the gravest natural disaster in Bangladesh. According to British Geological Survey, 51 % of ground water samples analyzed in Bangladesh (n= >2000) were above the WHO water standard of 0.01 mg As L-1 [3]. Apart from drinking purposes, ground water is widely used for crop irrigation in Bangladesh. Rice is the staple food of Bangladesh and here about 83 % of the total irrigated area is used for rice cultivation [4, 5]. Ground water irrigation-based farming practices have open up the possibility of As accumulation in rice and raised the following questions: How much As get accumulated in rice? Can As contaminated rice induce toxicities in animal? If so, what are the possible remedies? Keeping these questions in mind, this research work was carried out and according to the best of our knowledge this is the first one ever study in Bangladesh.
As is a notorious toxicant, chronic exposure of which can lead plethora of abnormalities such as skin lesions, haematological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurological disorders, reproductive problems and cancer of different organs i.e., lung, skin, kidney, liver etc. [6]. As contaminated rice also have detrimental effects on human [7, 8]. Though the exact mechanism of As toxicities has not yet been fully understood, but from previous findings it is believed that As induces toxicities mostly by generating excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Unfortunately, still there is no specific, reliable and safe treatment for arsenicosis except some antioxidants and metal chelating agents most of which have been reported to possess toxic manifestations [9]. This increased the interest of using biologically safe medicinal plant having free radical scavenging property to counteract As induced toxicities.
Tossa jute, Corchorus olitorius Linn. belongs to Tiliaceae family and is a multipurpose tree widely used in Bangladeshi traditional medicine. In Bangladesh, jute leaves are consumed as popular seasonal vegetable by the local people of As contaminated area who claimed that jute leaves are capable to combat against As induced toxicities. The leaves of C. olitorius have been reported to possess antitumor promoters namely phytol and monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol [10]; antioxidants namely flavonoids, carotenoids and vitamin C [11–13]. Keeping the above facts in view, an experiment was designed to study the As accumulation in different parts of rice irrigated with As contaminated water and to evaluate the protective effects of jute leaves against As contaminated rice induced toxicities.
Methods
Pot experiment to investigate the As accumulation in rice
To investigate the As accumulation in different parts of rice, a pot experiment was conducted at University of Chittagong campus using a popular rice variety BR-28 and four treatments such as 0.0, 25.0, 50.0 and 75.0 mg/L As containing irrigation water. The experimental site had subtropical and humid climate with adequate sunshine. From the seedbed, seedlings of 35 days old were uprooted carefully in the morning and on the same day, five seedlings were transplanted on each plastic pot (having no leakage) with three replications. The seedlings which died within first week of transplantation were discarded and replaced with new seedlings. Bio-fertilizers were applied in appropriate amount to provide the necessary nutrients. Throughout the growth period, 3–4 cm water above soil level was maintained in each treatment and the irrigation was continued before 10 days of harvest. At the maturity stage, the full-grown rice plants were carefully uprooted and the rice grains were harvested. Thereafter, the collected root, straw, husk and grain samples were washed thoroughly with As-free tape water followed by several rinsing with de-ionized water to remove soil and other contaminants. After drying the washed samples in the hot air oven at 60 °C for 72 h, the samples were stored at room temperature in airtight polyethylene bags having proper labeling. Finally, the samples were digested separately according to heating block digestion procedure [14] and As concentrations were measured by Flow Injection Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, FI-HG-AAS (iCE 3300 AA system, Thermoscientific, China) at BCSIR Laboratory, Chittagong.
Animals and treatment
Twenty female Wistar albino rats, weighing between 160 and 170 g were collected from animal house of Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka and were allowed free access to laboratory rodent diet and water ad-libitum throughout the experimental period. Our institutional and national guidelines were followed for the care and use of laboratory animals throughout the experiment. For the experimental treatment, the animals were randomly divided into four groups (I, II, III and IV) containing five rats in each group. The control group (Group-I) was fed with normal laboratory pellets while groups II, III, and IV received normal laboratory pellets supplemented with arsenic contaminated rice, C. olitorius leaf powder (4 %) and arsenic contaminated rice plus C. olitorius leaf powder (4 %) respectively, for a period of 150 days.
Preparation of C. olitorius leaf powder
Fresh young C. olitorius leaves were collected from local market and later identified by Dr. Sheikh Bokhtear Uddin, a taxonomist (Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh). The leaves were washed thoroughly with distilled water, sun-dried and then powdered by grinding. After that, C. olitorius leaf powder (4 % wt/wt) was mixed with respective pellet diet of rat as aforementioned and used throughout the experiment.
Preparation of As contaminated rice powder
A popular rice variety of Bangladesh, BR-28, was collected from the local market and tested for background As concentration by FI-HG-AAS according to Rahman et al. [14]. No As was detected in that rice sample. After that, the rice was soaked in 200 mg/L sodium arsenite solution for 36 h and again tested for As concentration, and the amount of As accumulated in rice grain was found 46.33 ± 0.01 mg/kg. The As contaminated rice was dried, blended and mixed with the respective pellet diet and used throughout the experiment.
Collection of blood and separation of serum
On 150th day, rats were fasted overnight and sacrificed next morning by light ether anesthesia. Blood was collected through cardiac puncture. For each rat, an aliquot of blood samples was taken in a heparinated tube for haematological examination while the remaining blood sample was collected in another test tube and allowed to clot formation at room temperature for 20 min. Then, the tubes were centrifuged at 3000 r.p.m for 10 min. After centrifugation, serum samples were pipetted out & collected into pre-labeled wintrobe tubes. From collected blood and serum samples, haematological and biochemical analyses were carried out.
Collection and preservation of different organs
After opening chest and abdomen of the rats, the liver, heart, spleen and both kidneys were carefully removed, washed in normal saline water and then immersed separately into pre-labeled 10 % formalin containing specimen container for histopathological investigations. Some portions of liver, heart, spleen and kidneys were preserved at -20 °C for detection of As.
Haemato-biochemical assay
Using Auto-Haematology Analyzer (Beckmann, USA), different haematological indices such as total white blood cell (WBC) count, total red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and platelet count were estimated. In addition, different serum indices such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, urea, total protein, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were measured by using the kits from Human Gmb H (Germany) and the analyzer (CHEM-5V3, Erba, Mannheim, Germany). Concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum was also calculated. To calculate the mean values, all the samples were analyzed in triplicate.
Determination of As in different tissues
The concentration of As in different organs (liver, kidney, spleen, heart) was determined using FI-HG-AAS method [15]. From each organ, 0.25 g sample was weighed and taken in beaker. The samples were digested with a mixture of HClO4-HNO3 solution (ratio 1:3 v/v) at 130 °C. After removal of HNO3 by evaporation, the digested samples were diluted with deionized water up to 100 ml. The concentrations of As in digested samples were measured at 193.7 nm wave length and 10 mA current using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer equipped with As lamp. Vapour generation accessory (VGA) was used to produce hydride vapours using 0.6 % sodium borohydride and 10 Mm HCl.
Histopathological study
At first, gross section of liver, kidney, spleen and heart tissues (preserved in 10 % formalin containing specimen container) were taken. Then the tissues were cut in longitudinal and transverse pieces, passed through ascending series of ethanol baths, cleared in toluene and embedded in paraffin. Tissues were sectioned at 5 μm and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Stained sections were then mounted on glass slides with DPX and covered with a cover slip. Finally, histopathological changes were examined by light microscope and photographed using a digital camera.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for Windows V.22. All data were analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMART) with a p-value < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. All the values are expressed as mean ± SEM.
Results
Accumulation of As in different parts of BR-28
As added in water (mg/L) | As in root (mg/kg) | As in straw (mg/kg) | As in husk (mg/kg) | As in grain (mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 4.85 ± 0.01a | 1.24 ± 0.01a | 0.55 ± 0.01a | 0.13 ± 0.03a |
25 | 12.39 ± 0.01b | 8.63 ± 0.03b | 5.90 ± 0.03b | 4.83 ± 0.03b |
50 | 45.63 ± 0.03c | 36.47 ± 0.01c | 12.13 ± 0.03c | 11.90 ± 0.03c |
Effect of C. olitorius on haematological parameters of albino rats
Groups | Hb gm/dl | WBC /cmm | RBC x 106/cmm | Platelets x 103/cmm |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Group-I (Control) | 13.8 ± 0.12 | 6300 ± 122.50 | 5.16 ± 0.10 | 180 ± 3.20 |
Group-II (As cont. rice) | * 13.3 ± 0.20 | * 4860 ± 97.98 | * 4.68 ± 0.16 | NS 170 ± 5.50 |
Group-III (Leaf) | NS 13.82 ± 0.10 | NS 6360 ± 435.43 | NS 5.14 ± 0.10 | NS 176 ± 2.45 |
Group-IV (As cont. rice + Leaf) | ** 13.76 ± 0.11 | ** 6200 ± 339.12 | ** 5.02 ± 0.10 | NS 174 ± 4.00 |
Effects of C. olitorius leaves on liver marker enzymes. Each bar represents the mean ± S.E.M. NS denotes non-significant; **denotes significantly different from control at p < 0.05; ## denotes significantly different from the arsenic-treated group at p < 0.05
Effects of C. olitorius leaves on serum urea levels. Each bar represents the mean ± S.E.M. NS denotes non-significant; **denotes significantly different from control at p < 0.05; ## denotes significantly different from the arsenic-treated group at p < 0.05
Effects of C. olitorius leaves on serum total protein. Each bar represents the mean ± S.E.M. NS denotes non-significant; **denotes significantly different from control at p < 0.05; ## denotes significantly different from the arsenic-treated group at p < 0.05
Effect of C. olitorius on serum lipid profile of albino rats
Groups | Total Cholesterol mg/dl | HDL mg/dl | LDL mg/dl | TG mg/dl |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Group-I (Control) | 79.22 ± 1.52 | 32.33 ± 1.47 | 30.41 ± 2.58 | 82.91 ± 0.96 |
Group-II (As cont. rice) | * 88.35 ± 1.61 | * 27.4 ± 1.89 | * 43.23 ± 1.61 | * 88.6 ± 1.81 |
Group-III (Leaf) | NS 78.42 ± 1.10 | NS 32.63 ± 0.99 | NS 29.37 ± 1.82 | NS 82.11 ± 1.08 |
Group-IV (As cont. rice + Leaf) | ** 78.23 ± 0.94 | ** 32.63 ± 1.27 | ** 28.90 ± 2.00 | ** 83.52 ± 1.86 |
Effects of C. olitorius leaves on As deposition pattern. Each bar represents the mean ± S.E.M. NS denotes non-significant; **denotes significantly different from control at p < 0.05; ## denotes significantly different from the arsenic-treated group at p < 0.05
Liver (a, b), kidney (c, d), spleen (e, f) and heart (g, h) sections from Group-II (left side) and Group-IV (right side) respectively. a depicts the necrosis in liver section of Group-II. b depicts the normal liver architecture of Group-IV. c depicts the tubular epithelium necrosis in kidney section of Group-II. d depicts the normal kidney architecture of Group-IV. e depicts the diffusingly enlarged white pulp in spleen section of Group-II. f depicts slightly enlarged white pulp in spleen section of Group-IV. g depicts mild cellular edema in heart section of Group-II. h depicts normal cardiac architecture of Group-IV
Discussion
The current research work was designed to investigate the As accumulation in different parts of rice and to evaluate the protective effects of C. olitorius leaves against As contaminated rice induced toxicities. To accomplish the first objective, a pot experiment was conducted where accumulation of As were found in high amounts in root followed by straw, husk and grain. In addition, the highest amount of As accumulation in different parts of rice was found in 50 mg/L As containing irrigation water which suggests that for irrigation purpose, As contaminated water cannot be used. Moreover, we noticed that As accumulation in different parts of rice were significantly higher than the permissible limits of WHO. Therefore, As contaminated rice and straw should not be consumed as human feed and cattle feed respectively. In the absolute control condition (0 mg/L), a trace amount of As accumulation was found that might be due to the background As in the soil. These findings are affirmative with the findings of Abedin et al. [16] and Imamul Huq et al. [17].
It is noticed from the earlier investigations that As can exhibit its toxicities by inducing haematological perturbations. Similar findings were also observed in this study. In the present study, we noticed significant reduction of Hb, total RBC count and total WBC count in As contaminated rice treated group (Group-II). The reduced Hb concentration and total RBC count might be due to binding ability of As to Hb that leads to inhibition of heme synthesis pathway [18]. Furthermore, decreased level of total WBC count might be due to apoptotic effect of As on plasma cells as also studied by Rousselot et al. [19]. We found no significant differences in platelet count among the groups in this study. Similar findings were also observed by Ferzand et al. [20]. A significant improvement of altered haematological parameters was observed in ameliorative group (Group-IV) compared to Group-II that confirms the beneficial roles of C. olitorius in restoring hematological parameters.
Arsenic can generate free radicals that promote lipid peroxidation by attacking polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes, setting off a free radical chain reaction sequence. Peroxidation of lipid is known to cause membrane disruption, resulting in the loss of membrane integrity and leakage of microsomal enzymes [21]. AST and ALT are two prominent liver marker enzymes which are cytoplasmic in origin and are released into circulation after cellular damage [22]. That’s why increased activities of these enzymes in serum are an indication of hepatic damage. In the present study, we observed that As contaminated rice administration substantially increased the serum AST and ALT activities as also reported by Islam et al. [23]. On the contrary, co-administration of C. olitorius leaves as a food supplement remarkably reduced the As induced elevation of serum AST and ALT activities. These findings suggest the hepatoprotective role of C. olitorius leaves against As contaminated rice induced liver injury in rat.
Renal dysfunction is one of the major health effects of chronic As exposure, and increased levels of serum urea have been reported to be associated with renal dysfunction [24]. In the present study, we have also found increased serum urea levels in As contaminated rice intoxicated rats which is an indication of the detrimental effects of As on kidney. C. olitorius leaves potentially reduced the As induced elevation of serum urea levels which indicates its nephroprotective role.
Reduced protein synthesis is associated with As intoxication as showed by Mehta and Hundal [25] and our results are corroborating with their findings. We observed reduced serum protein level in Group-II compared to Group-I. This reduction might be attributed to increased proteolytic activity or reduced protein synthesis or destruction of hepatic protein synthesizing sub-cellular structures. In addition, it is also possible that severe nephrotoxic lesions caused drainage of protein through the urine, resulting in hypoproteinaemia. Interestingly, co-administration of C. olitorius leaves with As contaminated rice significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the serum protein level towards control. One possibility for increasing serum protein level might be due to antioxidant activity of C. olitorius leaves with a significant amount of α-tocopherol equivalent Vitamin E [26] where vitamin E could decrease hepatic insulin resistance allowing insulin to stimulate the incorporation of amino acids into protein [27].
Cardiovascular disease is one of the prominent causes of As related mortality [28]. Increased levels of TG, TC and LDL-C are often associated with cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. In this study, we also observed elevated levels of TG, TC and LDL-C in As contaminated rice treated rats (Group-II) which were reversed to normal levels with the supplementation of C. olitorius leaves (Group-IV). This may be an indication of the anti-hyper lipidemic property of C. olitorius leaves as also reported by Adedosu et al. [29]. These findings open up the possibility to employ the C. olitorius leaves in treating cardiovascular diseases in near future.
Due to chronic exposure, As is known to accumulate in different organs such as spleen, kidney, heart, liver etc. Among the organs, spleen is more prone to accumulate As than other organs as studied by Nasir et al. [30] and our results are in full agreement with their findings. Lower As deposition was found in organs of rat treated with As contaminated rice plus C. olitorius than those treated with As contaminated rice alone. C. olitorius leaves might have thiol-containing amino acids which could play role to reduce tissue As burden in rat.
Histopathological evaluation of different organs revealed that As contaminated rice caused various pathological alterations in the tissues. However, supplementation of C. olitorius leaves with As contaminated rice could prevent the pathological alterations and also maintain the normal histo-architecture of tissues.
Conclusion
Conclusively, this investigation has revealed that As contaminated irrigation water based farming practices lead to As accumulation in different parts of rice and in all cases As accumulation exceed the permissible limits of WHO. Therefore, As contaminated water should not be used for irrigation purposes. Furthermore, As contaminated rice can induce several toxicities in animal model. Notably, most of the toxicities can be minimized through supplementation of C. olitorius leaves. Therefore, C. olitorius can be supplemented with the normal diet to the affected people of As prone zone. However, the exact mechanism of C. olitorius in neutralizing As-induced toxicities in vivo is still obscure. Therefore, further molecular and biochemical investigations are needed to explore the mode of its action before use as a potential candidate to remediate As contaminated rice induced toxicities.
Abbreviations
- ALT:
-
Alanine aminotransferase
- As:
-
Arsenic
- AST:
-
Aspartate aminotransferase
- Hb:
-
Haemoglobin
- HDL-C:
-
High density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LDL-C:
-
Low density lipoprotein cholesterol
- RBC:
-
Red blood cell
- TC:
-
Total cholesterol
- TG:
-
Triglycerides
- WBC:
-
White blood cell
Declarations
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
This study was supported by the special allocation project for the year 2015-2016 (Ref. no. 39.00.0000.009.002.057.15-16/BS-122/129) under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Bangladesh. The authors also thank Ministry of Science and Technology, Bangladesh for granting NST fellowship (Ref. no. 39.012.002.01.03.022.2015-435) to SMIH to carry out the research work.
Availability of data and materials
Datasets are attached as Additional file 1.
Authors’ contributions
SMIH, DD, RK and MAF designed the study. SMIH, RK, DD, MJA and BR performed the experiments. SMIH and MAB carried out the arsenic accumulation analysis. SMIH and DUSC were involved in the statistical analysis. SMIH, ZR and SI performed the histopathological assessment of rat organs. SMIH analyzed the results and drafted the manuscript. MAF critically revised the manuscript and supervised this study. All authors read and approved the manuscript for submission.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Financial competing interests
In the past three years, the authors received no reimbursements, fees, funding, or salary from any organization that may in any way gain or lose financially from the publication of this manuscript. The authors do not hold any stocks or shares in an organization that may in any way gain or lose financially from the publication of this manuscript, either now or in the future. The authors do not hold or are not currently applying for any patents relating to the contents of the manuscript. The authors declare no such organization that holds or has applied for patents relating to the content of the manuscript. The authors declare that they have no financial competing interests.
Non-financial competing interests
There are no nonfinancial competing interests (political, personal, religious, ideological, academic, and intellectual commercial or any other) to declare in relation to this manuscript.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study includes experiments with Wistar albino rats. The ethical permission for this study was granted by the ethical review committee of Biological Science Faculty, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. All national and institutional guidelines were followed for the care and use of animal models.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors’ Affiliations
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