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  1. Seizures are considered to be the most common symptom encountered in emergency- rushed tramadol-poisoned patients; accounting for 8% of the drug-induced seizure cases. Although, diazepam clears these seizures,...

    Authors: Shaimaa A. ElShebiney, Rania Elgohary, Sayed H. Kenawy, Gehan T. El-Bassyouni and Esmat M. A. Hamzawy
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:9
  2. WIN55, 212–2 mesylate is a synthetic cannabinoid (SC) agonist of CB1 and CB2 receptors with much higher affinity to CB1 receptor than tetrahydrocannabinol and many potential therapeutic effects. Few studies ha...

    Authors: Ghada A. Omran, Eman S. H. Abd Allah, Sherine Ahmed Mohammed and Doaa M. El Shehaby
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:8
  3. Ezetimibe is a new class of antihyperlipidemic agent indicated for the prevention of atherosclerosis disease and for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Information on the pharmacokinetic profiles of ezetim...

    Authors: Feifei Sun, Yanping Liu, Ting Li, Pingping Lin, Xin Jiang, Xin Li, Chenjing Wang, Xiaomeng Gao, Yaping Ma, Yao Fu and Yu Cao
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:7
  4. Poisoning is a major health problem especially in developing countries and leads to high morbidity and mortality.

    Authors: Omar El-Sayed Rageh, Hamdy Khaled Sabra, Abdulrahman Abdullah Alammar, Omar Naif Alanazi, Ayman Nagy and Ibrahim Ali Kabbash
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:6
  5. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a bio-effective component of Licorice. The GA is a monomer and the ingredient is an Oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenes that has been used as a remedy for years. Due to the abuse ...

    Authors: Piaoyi Guo, Liang Jin, Huifen Zhou, Yida Bao, Jiehong Yang, Jing Chen, Yu He, Daojun Yu and Haitong Wan
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:5
  6. Regulations have broadened to allow moderate sedation administration for gastrointestinal endoscopy by non-anesthesia personnel. The line between moderate and deep sedation is ambiguous. Deep sedation offers p...

    Authors: Jing-Yang Liou, I-Ting Kuo, Weng-Kuei Chang, Chien-Kun Ting and Mei-Yung Tsou
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:3
  7. The literature recommends against the use of fondaparinux in patients with kidney failure and dialysis as it may, with repeated dosing, accumulate and put patients at risk of bleeding. The management of patien...

    Authors: Dania Ghaziri, Hassan Dehaini, Mayyas Msheik, Marwan Bahmad, Maya Zorkot and George Abi Saad
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:2
  8. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a broad-spectrum anti-tumor drug, but its clinical application is greatly limited because of the cardiotoxicity. Thus, exploration of effective therapies against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity...

    Authors: Chenjun Shen, Bo Yang, Lili Huang, Yueru Chen, Huajun Zhao and Zhihui Zhu
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:1

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:18

  9. The xenoestrogen bisphenol A (BPA), a commonly used industrial chemical, has been linked to endocrine disruption. The point of the study was to consider the effects of chronic BPA exposure on the respiratory s...

    Authors: Omayma A. R. Abo-Zaid, Fatma S. M. Moawed, Hend A. Hassan and Enas M. Moustafa
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:98
  10. Irrational prescription has a lion share for uncontrolled blood pressure. There is no study assessing prescription pattern among hypertensive patients at the study sites. Therefore, the objective of the curren...

    Authors: Taklo Simeneh Yazie, Yohannes Shumet Yimer, Abebe Muche Belete and Getaye Tessema Desta
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:97
  11. Several studies worldwide have investigated household product poisoning. We conducted a toxico-clinical study on the two-year prevalence of poisoning with household products.

    Authors: Nastaran Eizadi-Mood, Sahar Sadat Lalehzar, Sara Niknam, Razieh Mahvari, Parisa Mirmoghtadaee and Rokhsareh Meamar
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:96
  12. Among the food additives used in the food industry, food dyes are considered the most toxic. For instance, tartrazine (TRZ) is a food colorant commercially available with conflicting data regarding its cytotox...

    Authors: Jailson Rodrigues dos Santos, Larissa de Sousa Soares, Bruno Moreira Soares, Marlene de Gomes Farias, Victor Alves de Oliveira, Natan Antônio Batista de Sousa, Helber Alves Negreiros, Felipe Cavalcanti Carneiro da Silva, Ana Paula Peron, Ana Carolina Landim Pacheco, Márcia Maria Mendes Marques, Juan Carlos Ramos Gonçalves, Raquel Carvalho Montenegro, Muhammad Torequl Islam, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Mohammad S. Mubarak…
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:95
  13. The aim of this work was to investigate the association between anticholinergic burden or anticholinergic drug use and xerostomia and/or xerophtalmia in elderly through a systematic review of the published lit...

    Authors: E. Prado-Mel, P. Ciudad-Gutiérrez, H. Rodríguez-Ramallo, S. Sánchez-Fidalgo, B. Santos-Ramos and A. M. Villalba-Moreno
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:94
  14. Tyrosine kinase (TK) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we aimed to investigate whether radotinib (Rb) could inhibit pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TK in vitro a...

    Authors: Suji Baek, Seung Hae Kwon, Joo Yeong Jeon, Gong Yeal Lee, Hyun Soo Ju, Hyo Jung Yun, Dae Jin Cho, Kang Pa Lee and Myung Hee Nam
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:93
  15. Intervertebral disc degeneration results from a variety of etiologies, including inflammation and aging. Degenerated intervertebral discs feature down-regulated extracellular matrix synthesis, resulting in los...

    Authors: Weisin Chen, Miersalijiang Yasen, Hanquan Wang, Chenyang Zhuang, Zixiang Wang, Shunyi Lu, Libo Jiang and Hong Lin
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:90
  16. Linezolid causes hematological toxicity, mostly thrombocytopenia, which leads to treatment discontinuation and failure. Recent studies revealed that during linezolid therapy, the incidence of treatment-related...

    Authors: Xiaoxi Liu, Mari Aoki, Sumika Osa, Chihiro Ito, Reika Saiki, Tomoya Nagai, Yuki Enoki, Kazuaki Taguchi and Kazuaki Matsumoto
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:89
  17. Prescribing medications without potential drug-drug interactions (pDDIs) is one of the components of the rational use of medications. However, taking combined medications has resulted in life-threatening pDDIs...

    Authors: Ephrem Mebratu Dagnew, Asrat Elias Ergena, Samuel Agegnew Wondm and Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:88
  18. Tacrolimus (Tac) is a common immunosuppressant that used in organ transplantation. However, its therapeutic index is narrow, and it is prone to adverse side effects, along with an increased risk of toxicity, n...

    Authors: Dadi Xie, Jinxiu Guo, Ruili Dang, Yanan Li, Qingying Si, Wenxiu Han, Shan Wang, Ning Wei, Junjun Meng and Linlin Wu
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:87
  19. Allopurinol (ALP), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is a first line drug for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. Being the member of BCS class II drugs, ALP has solubility problem, which affects its bioavail...

    Authors: Zakir Ali, Fakhar ud Din, Fatima Zahid, Saba Sohail, Basalat Imran, Salman Khan, Maimoona Malik, Alam Zeb and Gul Majid Khan
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:86
  20. The gut microbiome, a new organ of the body, can potentially alter the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs through microbial enzymes. However, absorption of orally administered non-antibiotic drugs b...

    Authors: Imran Mukhtar, Haseeb Anwar, Arslan Iftikhar, Heba E. Hashem, Qasim Ali and Farhan Siddique
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:85
  21. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are common but less concerning in clinical practice of time-sensitive situations. We aimed to identify factors associated with a basic common DDI knowledge among an emergency phys...

    Authors: Theerapon Tangsuwanaruk and Borwon Wittayachamnankul
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:84
  22. Toxicological problem associated with herbal medicine is a significant public health problem. Hence, it is necessary to elaborate on the safety of herbal medicine. Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is a major active co...

    Authors: Ming-Yan Yang, Ze-Yu Song, Hai-Lin Gan, Mei-Hua Zheng, Qian Liu, Xiang-Ting Meng, Tao Pan, Zhen-Yuan Li, Ruo-Xuan Peng, Ke Liu and Hua-Ying Fan
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:83
  23. Ischemia stroke is the leading cause of disability, which is a consequence of vascular occlusion. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cornin which is isolated from the fruit of Verbena of...

    Authors: Tianchi Lan, Yangyang Xu, Shucui Li, Ning Li, Shuping Zhang and Haibo Zhu
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:82
  24. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic modulation regulates the initiation and progression of intracranial aneurysm (IA). Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is suggested to play neuroprotective roles in patients wit...

    Authors: Ze Zhang, Xiue Mu and Xiaohui Zhou
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:81

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2023 24:4

  25. Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor (LUM-IVA), a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein corrector-potentiator combination, improves lung function and reduces pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) in F508d...

    Authors: Karin Yaacoby-Bianu, Zeev Schnapp, Ilana Koren, Anat Ilivitzki, Mohamed Khatib, Nadeem Shorbaji, Michal Shteinberg and Galit Livnat
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:80
  26. Acarbose is one of the optimal drugs for patients with the first diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). But what kind of emerging patients has the best therapeutic response to acarbose therapy has never...

    Authors: Rong Zhang, Quanxi Zhao and Rong Li
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:79
  27. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, is known to have protective effects against intestinal and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injuries; however, its cardioprotective effects against the stunned myoc...

    Authors: Keisuke Omiya, Yosuke Nakadate, Takeshi Oguchi, Tamaki Sato, Toru Matsuoka, Masako Abe, Akiko Kawakami, Takashi Matsukawa and Hiroaki Sato
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:78
  28. Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) is the major ER subtype in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Previously we reported phytoestrogen calycosin suppressed liver fibrosis progression and inhibited HSC-T6 cell functions, sug...

    Authors: Yaxin Wang, Canyan Wu, Jiahui Zhou, Haiming Fang and Jiajia Wang
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:77
  29. Inadvertent exposure to furan and Pb is associated with hepatorenal abnormalities in humans and animals. It is perceived that these two chemical species may work in synergy to orchestrate liver and kidney dama...

    Authors: Solomon E. Owumi, Uche O. Arunsi, Omolola M. Oyewumi and Ahmad Altayyar
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:76
  30. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation, steatosis, and liver fibrosis. The liver is particularly affected by alterations in lipid metabolism. Our aim was to eva...

    Authors: Janet Sánchez-Quevedo, Emmanuel Ocampo-Rodríguez, Elizabeth Alvarez-Ayala, Anahí Rodríguez-López, Miguel Angel Duarte-Vázquez, Jorge Luis Rosado and Lourdes Rodríguez-Fragoso
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:75
  31. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) of the liver is a multifactorial condition that happens during transplantation and surgery. The deleterious effects of I/R result from the acute production of reactive oxygen species...

    Authors: Hamidreza Totonchi, Pooneh Mokarram, Saeed Karima, Ramazan Rezaei, Sanaz Dastghaib, Farhad Koohpeyma, Shokoofe Noori and Negar Azarpira
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:74
  32. Medications currently recommended for the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) usually relieve the severity of symptoms by as much as 20–30%, and satisfactory treatment is obtained in 40–60% of pat...

    Authors: Ala Ghobadian, Saba Mokhtari, Behnam Shariati, Leila Kamalzadeh, Mohsen Shati, Mehrdad Eftekhar Ardebili, Masoomeh Yarahmadi and Mohammadreza Shalbafan
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:73
  33. Mushroom poisoning can cause gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic symptoms and even death. This descriptive study examined the demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings of patients with fungal poisoning, ...

    Authors: Maryam Janatolmakan, Mohammad Rouhi Ganji, Touraj Ahmadi-Jouybari, Shahab Rezaeian, Mahnaz Ghowsi and Alireza Khatony
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:72
  34. The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is a filter for most medications and blocks their passage into the brain. More effective drug delivery strategies are urgently needed to transport medications into the brain. This...

    Authors: Heba M. Fahmy, Mostafa M. Ahmed, Ayman S. Mohamed, Engy Shams-Eldin, Taiseer M. Abd El-Daim, Amena S. El-Feky, Amira B. Mustafa, Mai W. Abd Alrahman, Faten F. Mohammed and Mohamed M. Fathy
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:71
  35. Although various pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments are available for the chronic low back pain (CLBP), there is no consensus on the best optimal treatment for this condition. This study aimed t...

    Authors: Seyed Mani Mahdavi, Behnam Shariati, Mohammadreza Shalbafan, Vahid Rashedi, Masoomeh Yarahmadi, Alireza Ghaznavi and Shayan Amiri
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:70
  36. Hypolipidemic agents have been shown to be helpful in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Most often, statins are prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia. There are a number of statins a...

    Authors: Ali AlMuhsin, Abdul Ahad, Yousef A. Bin Jardan, Mohammad Raish, Ajaz Ahmad, Khalid M. Alkharfy and Fahad I. Al-Jenoobi
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:69
  37. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Omid Mehrpour, Farhad Saeedi, Christopher Hoyte, Foster Goss and Farshad M. Shirazi
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:68

    The original article was published in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:49

  38. Paraquat is a non-selective herbicide that causes severe tissue damage in various organs including the liver and kidney. The aim of this study was to determine the trend of the liver and kidney injury in patie...

    Authors: Farzad Gheshlaghi, Jamileh Haghirzavareh, Anselm Wong, Parastoo Golshiri, Shayan Gheshlaghi and Nastaran Eizadi-Mood
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:67
  39. Hyperuricemia is a state in which the serum levels of uric acid (UA) are elevated. This study was to determine the roles of rosuvastatin in fasting blood glucose (FGB) and insulin levels in hyperuricemic rats.

    Authors: Dilidaer Xilifu, Zumulaiti Tuerxun, Buweiayixiemu Nuermaimaiti, Ayinu Aili, Nijiati Rehemu, Huiping Sun and Xiangyang Zhang
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:66
  40. Anecdotal experience and studies have shown that most pediatric patients fail to reach target therapeutic vancomycin trough levels (VTLs) and required higher total daily doses (TDD). This retrospective study a...

    Authors: Kashif Hussain, Muhammad Sohail Salat, Shahzad Rauf, Manoj Rathi, Midhat Khan, Fizzah Naz, Wasif Ahmed Khan, Rahila Ikram and Gul Ambreen
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:64
  41. High glucose conditions cause some changes in the vessels of diabetes through the signal transduction pathways. Dexamethasone and other corticosteroids have a wide range of biological effects in immunological ...

    Authors: Ali Akbar Soleimani, Asghar Mohammadi, Ghasem Ghasempour, Borhan Rahimi Abkenar, Nafiseh Shokri and Mohammad Najafi
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:63
  42. Cutaneous adverse drug reaction (CADR) is a common problem in clinical medication. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between clinical drug application and CADR occurrence as evidence for preventi...

    Authors: Lei Zheng, Hao-bin Jin, Yu-yao Guan and Jing Yang
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:62
  43. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) are a promising source of material source for medical regeneration of cartilage. Growth factors, including transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) subfamily members ...

    Authors: Masanari Kuwahara, Yukio Akasaki, Norio Goto, Ichiro Kurakazu, Takuya Sueishi, Masakazu Toya, Taisuke Uchida, Tomoaki Tsutsui, Ryota Hirose, Hidetoshi Tsushima and Yasuharu Nakashima
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:61
  44. Self-medication in students, as educated people, is one of the most important health issues. It is known that inappropriate self-medication is harmful for individuals as it has potential risks, disrupts the dr...

    Authors: Rohaneh Rahimisadegh, Nader Sharifi, Vahid Kohpeima Jahromi, Razieh Zahedi, Zahra Rostayee and Razieh Asadi
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:60
  45. Testicular torsion is a pathological condition which needs emergency surgical intervention. However, after surgical reperfusion, oxidative stress factors cause to germ cell apoptosis. The study was planned to ...

    Authors: Iraj Yazdani, Raheleh Majdani, Morteza Ghasemnejad-berenji and Ahmad Reza Dehpour
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:59
  46. The present study aims to investigate the newly synthesized organotin (IV) complex (2E, 2′E) dibutylstannanediyl bis (4-(4-nitrophenyl) amino)-4-oxobut-2-enoate (DTN) for its anti-ulcer potential. Characteriza...

    Authors: Syed Azmatullah, Arif-ullah Khan, Neelam Gul Qazi, Humaira Nadeem and Nadeem Irshad
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2022 23:58
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